For five days in 1943, a fashion fad was at the center of racial violence in Los Angeles.

Jackie Robinson is best known for breaking Major League Baseball’s color barrier. Less well known, but just as pivotal, is his 1944 court-martial after refusing to move to the back of a military bus.

Alan Turing helped the British government pioneer the technology to decrypt Nazi Germany’s secret communications during World War II. In 1952, Alan Turing was forced to endure chemical castration by the same government after being prosecuted for homosexual acts.

When World War II began, both the US Army Air Forces and the Royal Air Force Bomber Command developed strategic bombing fleets aimed at destroying Axis morale and its ability to prosecute war.

Technician Fifth Grade Lewis Hall from Obetz, Ohio, was born March 2, 1895, and was 47 years old at the time of his action.

Born in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1913, William Fournier was raised in South Kingstown, Rhode Island.