C.L.R. James (1901-1989) called for mass resistance to Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.

The German response to the Warsaw Uprising was characterized by ruthless terror and unrelenting bloodshed, which caused civilian support to drastically diminish.

The Greek Civil War erupted in December 1944, pulling British forces into combat in Athens. Over the next five years this devastating conflict would shatter Greece and transform Europe.

In her My Day column on May 9, 1945, the day after V-E Day was officially confirmed, Eleanor Roosevelt reflects on the cautious mood, the devastation in Europe, and the unfinished task of winning peace.

After World War II 1.2 million Eastern European displaced persons refused to return home, creating a large-scale refugee crisis.