It was at Chełmno that the Nazis tested various methods of exterminating people en masse while they sought an alternative to the Einsatzgruppen’s mass shootings.

In 1942, when the Nazis rounded up the children in his Warsaw Ghetto orphanage and sent them to the death camp at Treblinka, Janusz Korczak refused to leave their side. He was murdered alongside his pupils shortly after arriving at Treblinka. 

The Oyneg Shabes Archive, created by historian Emanuel Ringelblum and other Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto, meticulously documented their lives, suffering, and resistance during the Holocaust, ensuring their stories would survive even as they faced annihilation by the Nazis.

The concept of genocide has fundamentally altered international law, history, and global geopolitics forever, transforming the way we understand mass violence in the modern world. 

The Nazis created at least 44,000 camps, including ghettos and other sites of incarceration, between 1933 and 1945. The camps served various functions, from imprisoning "enemies of the state" to serving as way stations in larger deportation schemes to murdering people in gas chambers. 

Desperate for slave labor to continue the doomed war effort and fearful of camp survivors exposing Nazi crimes, German decision-makers put in motion nearly three-quarters of a million concentration camp prisoners. Of this number, 250,000 died in these death marches.

The Nuremberg Laws transformed the definition of Jewish identity from religious to racial, stripping rights and paving the way for the Holocaust.

In August 1943, Jewish prisoners revolted against their Nazi captors at the Treblinka death camp. This act of resistance provides crucial insight into the horrors of the death camp and Operation Reinhard.