WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.668 --> 00:00:04.104 -The electronic field trip "Remember Pearl Harbor: 00:00:04.104 --> 00:00:07.875 How Students Like You Experienced The Day Of Infamy" 00:00:07.875 --> 00:00:12.312 is made possible by Lillian and Jimmy Maurin 00:00:12.312 --> 00:00:14.348 with additional funding by 00:00:14.348 --> 00:00:18.452 The Joe W. and Dorothy Dorsett Brown Foundation 00:00:18.452 --> 00:00:23.056 and by The Dudley and Constance Godfrey Foundation 00:00:23.056 --> 00:00:28.262 and The Dale E. and Janice Davis Johnston Family Foundation. 00:00:28.262 --> 00:00:30.998 -I was out in the yard playing, 00:00:30.998 --> 00:00:33.901 and I saw this Japanese Zero fly overhead. 00:00:33.901 --> 00:00:38.605 -Planes came over the tree top, and that's my first view, 00:00:38.605 --> 00:00:40.807 not knowing that was Japanese at all. 00:00:40.807 --> 00:00:42.309 You know, being an 11-year-old kid, 00:00:42.309 --> 00:00:44.578 seeing all the planes was something 00:00:44.578 --> 00:00:46.847 that were really exciting to me. 00:00:46.847 --> 00:00:48.515 I never saw so many. 00:00:48.515 --> 00:00:50.951 Planes were flying all over the sky. 00:00:50.951 --> 00:00:53.887 -I was in the Navy, and what got our attention first 00:00:53.887 --> 00:00:56.523 was the noise the dive bombers were making coming down, 00:00:56.523 --> 00:00:59.326 so we all run out the front of the hanger and looked up. 00:00:59.326 --> 00:01:02.229 We didn't realize instantly that they were Japanese. 00:01:02.229 --> 00:01:06.133 -When the Zero passed over, he went to Pearl. 00:01:06.133 --> 00:01:07.935 -And, of course, when they pulled out of their dive, 00:01:07.935 --> 00:01:10.070 they could see the red circle on the wings. 00:01:10.070 --> 00:01:12.139 Then it was a matter of self-preservation. 00:01:12.139 --> 00:01:13.674 Get under cover somewhere. 00:01:16.243 --> 00:01:18.745 -I saw a big plume of smoke go up. 00:01:18.745 --> 00:01:20.914 I hear it went up 200 feet. 00:01:20.914 --> 00:01:23.050 It was not black. It was red. 00:01:23.050 --> 00:01:26.420 It was the Arizona, and, eventually, it turned black. 00:01:26.420 --> 00:01:28.588 -Seeing the planes, seeing the explosion, 00:01:28.588 --> 00:01:31.625 hearing the explosion, the bombing, the fire, 00:01:31.625 --> 00:01:34.161 the smoke, the gunfire. 00:01:34.161 --> 00:01:36.596 That was really something. 00:01:36.596 --> 00:01:40.701 -You know, our life was changed because it was fear. 00:01:40.701 --> 00:01:43.203 You know, we lived in fear for a long time, 00:01:43.203 --> 00:01:47.174 and with all the restrictions of the martial law like blackout, 00:01:47.174 --> 00:01:49.609 like rationing, censorship, 00:01:49.609 --> 00:01:52.245 that was something that we had to grow up with. 00:01:52.245 --> 00:01:55.349 -The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii 00:01:55.349 --> 00:01:58.085 on December 7, 1941, 00:01:58.085 --> 00:02:01.221 changed life for all Americans. 00:02:01.221 --> 00:02:02.923 Shock spread throughout the nation 00:02:02.923 --> 00:02:06.159 as the devastating news interrupted radio broadcasts 00:02:06.159 --> 00:02:08.895 and burst onto newspaper headlines. 00:02:08.895 --> 00:02:12.866 The next day, the United States was officially at war. 00:02:12.866 --> 00:02:14.234 In this electronic field trip, 00:02:14.234 --> 00:02:17.738 on the 75th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack, 00:02:17.738 --> 00:02:21.341 eyewitnesses and survivors explain to our student reporters 00:02:21.341 --> 00:02:25.645 and to all of you why we should remember Pearl Harbor. 00:02:25.645 --> 00:02:31.051 ♪♪ 00:02:31.051 --> 00:02:39.393 -Yesterday, December 7, 1941, 00:02:39.393 --> 00:02:44.164 a date which will live in infamy... 00:02:46.967 --> 00:02:50.270 -President Franklin Roosevelt's call to duty and to war 00:02:50.270 --> 00:02:52.105 still echoes today at Pearl Harbor 00:02:52.105 --> 00:02:55.075 and throughout this country, especially here 00:02:55.075 --> 00:02:58.045 at The National World War II Museum in New Orleans. 00:02:58.045 --> 00:03:01.548 I'm Tom Gregory, and welcome to this electronic field trip 00:03:01.548 --> 00:03:03.683 where you'll have a chance to learn more 00:03:03.683 --> 00:03:05.318 about the day of infamy, 00:03:05.318 --> 00:03:09.756 which happened 75 years ago on December 7, 1941, 00:03:09.756 --> 00:03:12.559 when Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor. 00:03:12.559 --> 00:03:15.095 The attack brought the US into World War II, 00:03:15.095 --> 00:03:17.798 changing the lives of all Americans. 00:03:17.798 --> 00:03:21.101 We're going to learn why Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, 00:03:21.101 --> 00:03:25.138 how Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, what happened after the attack, 00:03:25.138 --> 00:03:27.207 including what happened to students' lives 00:03:27.207 --> 00:03:29.876 and where we can remember Pearl Harbor 00:03:29.876 --> 00:03:31.778 and continue to learn about its significance 00:03:31.778 --> 00:03:32.979 in American history. 00:03:32.979 --> 00:03:34.815 And we want to hear from you. 00:03:34.815 --> 00:03:37.918 You'll be able to send in your answers to the questions we ask, 00:03:37.918 --> 00:03:39.686 but first, you'll need to text 00:03:39.686 --> 00:03:45.058 WYESFIELDTRI069 00:03:45.058 --> 00:03:48.028 to 22333, 00:03:48.028 --> 00:03:50.497 and you'll be set up to send in your answers. 00:03:50.497 --> 00:03:52.632 You can also respond right on your computer 00:03:52.632 --> 00:03:55.035 on the page you're watching us right now. 00:03:55.035 --> 00:03:56.603 We'll also be answering your questions 00:03:56.603 --> 00:03:57.838 throughout this field trip. 00:03:57.838 --> 00:04:01.541 E-mail questions to fieldtrips@wyes.org. 00:04:01.541 --> 00:04:04.211 But now, let's check out some of the places we'll visit. 00:04:07.714 --> 00:04:09.883 We'll start off our adventure right here 00:04:09.883 --> 00:04:11.785 at The National World War II Museum 00:04:11.785 --> 00:04:13.687 in New Orleans, Louisiana. 00:04:13.687 --> 00:04:17.390 This museum tells the story of the American experience 00:04:17.390 --> 00:04:19.826 in the war that changed the world -- 00:04:19.826 --> 00:04:24.231 why it was fought, how it was won, and what it means today. 00:04:24.231 --> 00:04:27.501 Next, we're traveling over 4,000 miles from New Orleans 00:04:27.501 --> 00:04:29.669 to the beautiful islands of Hawaii. 00:04:29.669 --> 00:04:32.606 Hawaii is made up of eight volcanic islands. 00:04:32.606 --> 00:04:34.941 The big island is called Hawaii, 00:04:34.941 --> 00:04:38.111 but the island we're going to be talking about is Oahu, 00:04:38.111 --> 00:04:41.948 where the geography creates a great natural port for ships. 00:04:41.948 --> 00:04:44.651 Hawaii's position in the middle of the Pacific Ocean 00:04:44.651 --> 00:04:47.821 made it a perfect location for US military bases, 00:04:47.821 --> 00:04:49.990 providing protection for our country 00:04:49.990 --> 00:04:53.026 and protecting American power across the world. 00:04:53.026 --> 00:04:54.895 The main military base? 00:04:54.895 --> 00:04:56.797 You guessed it. Pearl Harbor. 00:04:56.797 --> 00:04:59.399 To help us explore the attack on Pearl Harbor, 00:04:59.399 --> 00:05:02.502 let me introduce you to our two student reporters, 00:05:02.502 --> 00:05:06.373 Julia in Hawaii, and Eliana here at the museum in New Orleans. 00:05:06.373 --> 00:05:10.110 -Hi. I'm Julia at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu in Hawaii, 00:05:10.110 --> 00:05:11.945 which is where I live and go to school. 00:05:11.945 --> 00:05:13.814 I'm going to show you this historic site 00:05:13.814 --> 00:05:16.349 and others around the island in just a few minutes. 00:05:16.349 --> 00:05:18.585 -I'm Eliana at The National World War II Museum 00:05:18.585 --> 00:05:20.153 in New Orleans, where we will explore 00:05:20.153 --> 00:05:23.423 fascinating exhibits and artifacts. 00:05:23.423 --> 00:05:26.393 -In addition to providing an in-depth look at artifacts 00:05:26.393 --> 00:05:29.462 and historic sites, Julia and Eliana 00:05:29.462 --> 00:05:32.165 are going to bring you to the scene of the attack 00:05:32.165 --> 00:05:34.668 and talk to people who experienced it, 00:05:34.668 --> 00:05:37.003 including some who were kids around your age 00:05:37.003 --> 00:05:40.006 on December 7, 1941. 00:05:43.977 --> 00:05:45.478 They are also in charge of helping us 00:05:45.478 --> 00:05:48.148 answer those four important questions -- 00:05:48.148 --> 00:05:50.717 Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor, 00:05:50.717 --> 00:05:52.652 how did Japan attack Pearl Harbor, 00:05:52.652 --> 00:05:54.454 what happened after the attack, 00:05:54.454 --> 00:05:58.024 and where can we learn more about the attack today? 00:05:58.024 --> 00:05:59.459 But they can't do it alone. 00:05:59.459 --> 00:06:03.163 We'll need your input, too, so be sure to text and E-mail. 00:06:03.163 --> 00:06:04.664 You'll also have a chance to vote 00:06:04.664 --> 00:06:05.999 on what you'd like to explore 00:06:05.999 --> 00:06:08.501 both at the museum and in Hawaii. 00:06:08.501 --> 00:06:11.004 Right now, let's introduce the first poll question. 00:06:11.004 --> 00:06:12.539 It's about a vocabulary word 00:06:12.539 --> 00:06:15.675 we're going to be seeing several times today. 00:06:15.675 --> 00:06:17.477 What does the term "propaganda" mean -- 00:06:17.477 --> 00:06:20.280 "A," a traditional tall Japanese building, 00:06:20.280 --> 00:06:23.984 "B," techniques for influencing someone's beliefs and behaviors, 00:06:23.984 --> 00:06:27.120 "C," a way to make seeds grow more food, 00:06:27.120 --> 00:06:30.557 or, "D," an opera about a singing panda? 00:06:30.557 --> 00:06:32.759 We'll check your responses in a few minutes. 00:06:32.759 --> 00:06:34.427 Now, let's turn it over to Eliana, 00:06:34.427 --> 00:06:36.863 who is at the museum to answer the question, 00:06:36.863 --> 00:06:39.799 why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? 00:06:39.799 --> 00:06:47.140 ♪♪ 00:06:47.140 --> 00:06:48.775 -Hi, again. I'm Eliana. 00:06:48.775 --> 00:06:50.644 I'm at the museum's newest exhibit, 00:06:50.644 --> 00:06:54.681 The Road to Tokyo, to find out why Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. 00:06:54.681 --> 00:06:57.851 With me is Museum Educator Chrissy Gregg. 00:06:57.851 --> 00:07:00.954 -Hey, Eliana. Thank you so much for being here with me today 00:07:00.954 --> 00:07:04.491 at the museum to learn a bit about this infamous day 00:07:04.491 --> 00:07:07.127 and how it impacted this entire world. 00:07:07.127 --> 00:07:10.196 Now, of course, we call World War II 00:07:10.196 --> 00:07:12.299 "World War II" for a reason, 00:07:12.299 --> 00:07:14.100 and this is because conflicts spanned 00:07:14.100 --> 00:07:15.702 across this entire globe. 00:07:15.702 --> 00:07:18.772 And so, of course, I had to bring a giant globe with me 00:07:18.772 --> 00:07:22.208 to learn a little bit more about the geography of the war. 00:07:22.208 --> 00:07:24.577 Now, what we see on the globe right now, 00:07:24.577 --> 00:07:26.613 it's Asia and the South Pacific. 00:07:26.613 --> 00:07:28.415 So, there's some countries we recognize today. 00:07:28.415 --> 00:07:33.653 We see China, Thailand, how about the Philippines? 00:07:33.653 --> 00:07:36.690 We see Indonesia, and, of course, 00:07:36.690 --> 00:07:39.125 we see our main topic today, Japan. 00:07:39.125 --> 00:07:42.429 Now, if we go back 75-plus years ago, 00:07:42.429 --> 00:07:45.332 Japan wanted to become a more powerful country, 00:07:45.332 --> 00:07:47.600 but there were certain resources that they didn't have 00:07:47.600 --> 00:07:48.968 that prevented them from doing that. 00:07:48.968 --> 00:07:51.104 Look, it's a small country. 00:07:51.104 --> 00:07:53.606 But if we see here, they were looking all across 00:07:53.606 --> 00:07:55.775 the rest of Asia and the Pacific, 00:07:55.775 --> 00:07:58.645 and they saw some of these abundant resources they wanted. 00:07:58.645 --> 00:08:00.547 How could they get those resources, do you think? 00:08:00.547 --> 00:08:02.082 -Trade? -Yeah. They could trade. 00:08:02.082 --> 00:08:04.684 That was one way, but they also could do something else -- 00:08:04.684 --> 00:08:09.055 invade these places where they saw all of these resources. 00:08:09.055 --> 00:08:11.358 So, what I have here are actually flags -- 00:08:11.358 --> 00:08:12.592 flags of what country? 00:08:12.592 --> 00:08:14.294 -Japan. -Exactly. 00:08:14.294 --> 00:08:17.030 And so, what we're going to be doing is placing those flags 00:08:17.030 --> 00:08:18.898 in the areas Japan invaded. 00:08:18.898 --> 00:08:22.235 So, first off, let's stick one on Manchuria up here. 00:08:22.235 --> 00:08:24.137 That was in 1931. 00:08:24.137 --> 00:08:28.208 Next, Japan invades China in 1937. 00:08:28.208 --> 00:08:29.542 And then stick one down here. 00:08:29.542 --> 00:08:32.212 This is French Indochina. 00:08:32.212 --> 00:08:33.580 But you know what, we actually haven't talked about 00:08:33.580 --> 00:08:34.814 all these other flags on the map. 00:08:34.814 --> 00:08:37.817 Do you recognize any flags of these countries here? 00:08:37.817 --> 00:08:40.987 -British, French, even the US. -Yeah. 00:08:40.987 --> 00:08:42.889 Even the United States, and, actually, we see 00:08:42.889 --> 00:08:46.359 a Dutch flag down here, a Portuguese flag up here. 00:08:46.359 --> 00:08:48.328 You probably know that all of these countries 00:08:48.328 --> 00:08:51.297 are thousands of miles away from this area of the world, 00:08:51.297 --> 00:08:55.869 and actually these countries own territories in this part of Asia 00:08:55.869 --> 00:08:57.237 and the Pacific, 00:08:57.237 --> 00:08:59.172 and so, as they see Japan moving in, 00:08:59.172 --> 00:09:00.673 they think Japan is invading, 00:09:00.673 --> 00:09:02.542 taking over their territory. 00:09:02.542 --> 00:09:04.978 Japan says, "We're not invading. We're not conquering. 00:09:04.978 --> 00:09:07.280 What we're doing instead is freeing 00:09:07.280 --> 00:09:10.517 all of these territories from Western control." 00:09:10.517 --> 00:09:12.952 -So what does this have to do with Hawaii? 00:09:12.952 --> 00:09:14.587 -Ah, good question. All right. 00:09:14.587 --> 00:09:17.190 You see where we've stuck the US flag right here? 00:09:17.190 --> 00:09:18.358 What country is that? -The Philippines. 00:09:18.358 --> 00:09:19.426 -Yeah. That is the Philippines, 00:09:19.426 --> 00:09:21.327 which, of course, is a country today, 00:09:21.327 --> 00:09:23.630 but back then it was a US territory. 00:09:23.630 --> 00:09:26.399 So, the United States sees Japan invading, 00:09:26.399 --> 00:09:29.235 and they're thinking maybe the Philippines is going to be next, 00:09:29.235 --> 00:09:30.837 so the US decides to do certain things 00:09:30.837 --> 00:09:33.173 to help try to prevent that, at least, 00:09:33.173 --> 00:09:36.676 and so, to actually demonstrate that, we got to turn our globe. 00:09:36.676 --> 00:09:39.045 All right. So, let's turn it to the United States. 00:09:39.045 --> 00:09:40.180 Very good. 00:09:40.180 --> 00:09:42.949 The US decides to move its navy, 00:09:42.949 --> 00:09:45.952 which is actually stationed in San Diego, California, 00:09:45.952 --> 00:09:47.887 and they move it all the way over here, 00:09:47.887 --> 00:09:50.056 which is where exactly? 00:09:50.056 --> 00:09:52.192 -To our ships in Pearl Harbor. -Yeah. 00:09:52.192 --> 00:09:54.961 The ships move to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 00:09:54.961 --> 00:09:56.796 And so Japan sees that as, 00:09:56.796 --> 00:09:59.466 "Oh, maybe the US is interfering in our plans," 00:09:59.466 --> 00:10:04.404 so what they decide to do is plan a secret, surprise attack. 00:10:04.404 --> 00:10:06.039 Where do you think that was going to be? 00:10:06.039 --> 00:10:08.908 -Our ships at Pearl Harbor? -Exactly. 00:10:08.908 --> 00:10:11.511 -Actually, that's where my friend Julia is right now. 00:10:11.511 --> 00:10:14.914 Her assignment is to find out how Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. 00:10:14.914 --> 00:10:17.117 Our jobs are to report to each other what we've learned. 00:10:17.117 --> 00:10:19.552 I'll text her. 00:10:19.552 --> 00:10:28.628 ♪♪ 00:10:28.628 --> 00:10:37.737 ♪♪ 00:10:37.737 --> 00:10:39.873 -It looks like Eliana is sharing some details 00:10:39.873 --> 00:10:41.241 with Julia right now, 00:10:41.241 --> 00:10:43.910 and it looks like we've answered our first question -- 00:10:43.910 --> 00:10:46.479 Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? 00:10:46.479 --> 00:10:51.017 To stop US interference in its plans to conquer East Asia. 00:10:51.017 --> 00:10:53.987 Let's check on the answers to our very first poll question, 00:10:53.987 --> 00:10:59.759 and you voted overwhelmingly, 86%, that propaganda 00:10:59.759 --> 00:11:03.596 is a tool to influence beliefs and behaviors. 00:11:03.596 --> 00:11:05.632 Right now, I am joined by Kenneth Hoffman, 00:11:05.632 --> 00:11:07.934 Director of Education at the museum, 00:11:07.934 --> 00:11:10.570 and it looks like he's holding a piece of Japanese propaganda 00:11:10.570 --> 00:11:11.604 to share with us. 00:11:11.604 --> 00:11:13.473 Welcome, Kenneth. -Oh, well, hi, Tom. 00:11:13.473 --> 00:11:16.042 This is a reproduction, or a copy, 00:11:16.042 --> 00:11:19.879 of a piece of Japanese propaganda aimed at children, 00:11:19.879 --> 00:11:22.882 and you can see it shows a map here of East Asia, 00:11:22.882 --> 00:11:24.617 and there's Japan, 00:11:24.617 --> 00:11:27.353 and all these children are marching happily together, 00:11:27.353 --> 00:11:30.857 and they're led by a little Japanese boy, 00:11:30.857 --> 00:11:35.795 and it's to show that Japan is leading all the Asian children, 00:11:35.795 --> 00:11:39.032 from the Philippines and Burma and Vietnam, 00:11:39.032 --> 00:11:43.036 and they're all happy being led by Japan, 00:11:43.036 --> 00:11:46.005 because that's what Japan wanted the world to believe. 00:11:46.005 --> 00:11:48.741 -Powerful propaganda, but powerful images 00:11:48.741 --> 00:11:51.344 don't always mean they're the truth. 00:11:51.344 --> 00:11:53.880 Right now, let's take a look at some student questions 00:11:53.880 --> 00:11:55.315 we received so far. 00:11:55.315 --> 00:11:57.116 Kenneth, we have a question from Joey D. 00:11:57.116 --> 00:11:58.551 in Ames, Iowa. 00:11:58.551 --> 00:12:02.155 "Why did Japan want to take over the United States?" 00:12:02.155 --> 00:12:04.958 -Well Joey, actually -- Thanks for the question, first of all. 00:12:04.958 --> 00:12:07.327 Japan did not want to take over the United States. 00:12:07.327 --> 00:12:10.029 The United States was very far away from Japan, 00:12:10.029 --> 00:12:14.434 and they really had no reason to want to do that. 00:12:14.434 --> 00:12:15.735 They didn't think they could. 00:12:15.735 --> 00:12:18.004 They wanted to stop the United States 00:12:18.004 --> 00:12:22.508 from interfering with their plans in Asia and the Pacific, 00:12:22.508 --> 00:12:26.279 so they figured, if they knock out our ships at Pearl Harbor, 00:12:26.279 --> 00:12:28.448 then the United States won't be able 00:12:28.448 --> 00:12:32.118 to mess up their plans further over in Asia. 00:12:32.118 --> 00:12:35.254 -We have one more question from a viewer, and that is, 00:12:35.254 --> 00:12:38.524 "Why was Japan on the side of Germany in World War II?" 00:12:38.524 --> 00:12:40.460 That's from Molly in Baton Rouge. 00:12:40.460 --> 00:12:43.296 -Well, thanks, Molly, for that question. 00:12:43.296 --> 00:12:45.732 Japan and Germany had some things in common 00:12:45.732 --> 00:12:49.202 back in the 1930s and the early 1940s. 00:12:49.202 --> 00:12:52.372 In Germany, a lot of the people, a lot of the Germans, 00:12:52.372 --> 00:12:54.807 especially the Nazis, felt that the Germans 00:12:54.807 --> 00:12:57.076 were the best kind of Europeans 00:12:57.076 --> 00:12:58.878 and therefore they had the right 00:12:58.878 --> 00:13:01.247 to take over other countries. 00:13:01.247 --> 00:13:04.384 In Asia, a lot of people in Japan at that time 00:13:04.384 --> 00:13:05.885 in the government and in the military 00:13:05.885 --> 00:13:08.121 felt that the Japanese people 00:13:08.121 --> 00:13:10.289 were the best kind of Asian people 00:13:10.289 --> 00:13:13.660 and they had the right to take over other Asian countries. 00:13:13.660 --> 00:13:16.663 So, because they had those similar ideas, 00:13:16.663 --> 00:13:19.899 they were partners during the war. 00:13:19.899 --> 00:13:21.401 -Thanks for that answer, Kenneth. 00:13:21.401 --> 00:13:22.969 Keep the questions coming. 00:13:22.969 --> 00:13:25.438 In our next poll, you, our student viewers, 00:13:25.438 --> 00:13:28.241 will be voting on where our story takes us next. 00:13:28.241 --> 00:13:30.276 In a minute, Julia, who is in Hawaii, 00:13:30.276 --> 00:13:32.111 will be trying to answer the question, 00:13:32.111 --> 00:13:34.514 how did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? 00:13:34.514 --> 00:13:37.050 But the question for you is, do you want to see, 00:13:37.050 --> 00:13:42.088 "A," a fully restored Japanese fighter plane from 1941, 00:13:42.088 --> 00:13:45.158 or, "B," the wreckage of a Japanese fighter plane 00:13:45.158 --> 00:13:47.694 that crashed during the attack? 00:13:47.694 --> 00:13:49.729 Text or click "A" or "B." 00:13:49.729 --> 00:13:50.930 You only have about a minute to vote, 00:13:50.930 --> 00:13:53.099 so enter your decision now. 00:13:53.099 --> 00:13:56.903 And with that, let's see what Julia is up to in Hawaii. 00:13:56.903 --> 00:14:04.110 ♪♪ 00:14:04.110 --> 00:14:06.779 -Hi. I'm here at Pearl Harbor with Mr. Jimmy Lee, 00:14:06.779 --> 00:14:08.114 who was an 11-year-old boy 00:14:08.114 --> 00:14:10.149 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. 00:14:10.149 --> 00:14:12.752 He is going to help me explore the sights around Oahu 00:14:12.752 --> 00:14:14.153 to answer our next question, 00:14:14.153 --> 00:14:16.956 how did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? 00:14:16.956 --> 00:14:19.459 -Well, let me tell you. 00:14:19.459 --> 00:14:22.361 When I was living here, 00:14:22.361 --> 00:14:27.433 all I know is that the planes came over the tree top. 00:14:27.433 --> 00:14:28.935 You know, being an 11-year-old kid, 00:14:28.935 --> 00:14:29.936 hey, that was something. 00:14:29.936 --> 00:14:32.472 That was really something. 00:14:32.472 --> 00:14:34.674 And today, when you look at this place here, 00:14:34.674 --> 00:14:37.243 I mean, it's nice and calm, 00:14:37.243 --> 00:14:41.414 but, you know, 75 years ago, let me tell you, this was -- 00:14:41.414 --> 00:14:44.517 heck, I mean, with the planes coming in, the bombing, 00:14:44.517 --> 00:14:47.954 the fire, the smoke, the gunfire, 00:14:47.954 --> 00:14:49.622 that was really something. 00:14:49.622 --> 00:14:52.191 -So, it sounds like what you witnessed really stuck with you. 00:14:52.191 --> 00:14:54.560 What was Hawaii like before the attack? 00:14:54.560 --> 00:14:58.131 -Well, you know, before the attack, 00:14:58.131 --> 00:15:00.299 there was a lot of planes, 00:15:00.299 --> 00:15:02.902 you know, like an everyday thing. 00:15:02.902 --> 00:15:04.670 You know, we have maneuvers, 00:15:04.670 --> 00:15:06.672 and we had ships going in and out of there. 00:15:06.672 --> 00:15:08.241 We think nothing like that. 00:15:08.241 --> 00:15:10.243 And then, when it happened, oh, I tell you, 00:15:10.243 --> 00:15:12.378 I was so curious, I just ran out 00:15:12.378 --> 00:15:13.846 and, you know, took a look 00:15:13.846 --> 00:15:15.782 and saw what the attack was like. 00:15:15.782 --> 00:15:17.583 There's more I want to show you after a while 00:15:17.583 --> 00:15:20.286 when we get over to the other areas. 00:15:20.286 --> 00:15:22.688 See that island in the middle of the harbor? 00:15:22.688 --> 00:15:23.890 That's Ford Island. 00:15:23.890 --> 00:15:26.726 The United States Navy found that island 00:15:26.726 --> 00:15:30.563 to be the perfect place to tie up its big battleship. 00:15:30.563 --> 00:15:35.168 I think that's a good place to start our exploration. 00:15:35.168 --> 00:15:40.540 Julia, we're now at the Pacific Aviation Museum, Pearl Harbor, 00:15:40.540 --> 00:15:45.478 and we'll be joined by the museum educator, Ford Ebesugawa. 00:15:45.478 --> 00:15:46.746 -Hi. -Hi. 00:15:46.746 --> 00:15:49.782 My friend Eliana back at The National World War II Museum 00:15:49.782 --> 00:15:52.885 learned all about why the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, 00:15:52.885 --> 00:15:55.555 so I'm supposed to find out how. 00:15:55.555 --> 00:15:57.857 -Well, you've come to the right place, 00:15:57.857 --> 00:16:00.693 but we have to start before December 7th. 00:16:00.693 --> 00:16:03.462 The planning in Japan for the attack 00:16:03.462 --> 00:16:05.598 occurred months in advance, 00:16:05.598 --> 00:16:10.937 so why don't we learn more about the Japanese strategy? 00:16:10.937 --> 00:16:15.208 -On November 26, 1941, six aircraft carriers left Japan, 00:16:15.208 --> 00:16:17.310 taking a route across the northern Pacific, 00:16:17.310 --> 00:16:18.644 headed for Hawaii 00:16:18.644 --> 00:16:21.480 and the United States Pacific Fleet anchored there. 00:16:21.480 --> 00:16:23.883 By December 7th, the Japanese attack force 00:16:23.883 --> 00:16:27.486 was about 230 miles northwest of Hawaii. 00:16:27.486 --> 00:16:30.022 It was a Sunday morning when their attack began. 00:16:30.022 --> 00:16:32.692 Soon after sunrise, the first wave of Japanese planes 00:16:32.692 --> 00:16:34.927 took off from the decks of their aircraft carriers 00:16:34.927 --> 00:16:37.763 to begin their attack on Pearl Harbor. 00:16:37.763 --> 00:16:40.366 Many US servicemen and residents on Oahu 00:16:40.366 --> 00:16:41.567 were just starting their day 00:16:41.567 --> 00:16:44.737 when the attack began without warning. 00:16:44.737 --> 00:16:46.305 You guys voted on what you wanted to see 00:16:46.305 --> 00:16:47.607 to tell the story further. 00:16:47.607 --> 00:16:50.109 Let's check out what you selected. 00:16:50.109 --> 00:16:58.317 ♪♪ 00:16:58.317 --> 00:16:59.986 So, it looks like the students chose 00:16:59.986 --> 00:17:01.854 the Japanese wreckage Zero. 00:17:01.854 --> 00:17:06.092 Could you tell us what kind of plane this, well, was? 00:17:06.092 --> 00:17:08.661 -Well, this is a Mitsubishi Zero. 00:17:08.661 --> 00:17:10.763 Again, it was a fighter aircraft. 00:17:10.763 --> 00:17:13.799 This Zero was piloted 00:17:13.799 --> 00:17:18.838 by Airman First Class Shigenori Nishikaichi, 00:17:18.838 --> 00:17:22.541 and Nishikaichi's responsibility that Sunday morning 00:17:22.541 --> 00:17:25.945 was to provide fighter cover and strafing attacks. 00:17:25.945 --> 00:17:28.314 Apparently, Nishikaichi's aircraft 00:17:28.314 --> 00:17:30.316 was struck by ground fire, 00:17:30.316 --> 00:17:32.418 and he began losing fuel. 00:17:32.418 --> 00:17:35.288 In fact, he began losing fuel at such a rate, 00:17:35.288 --> 00:17:38.758 he realized that he could not fly back to his carrier, 00:17:38.758 --> 00:17:41.961 which was over 250 miles north of the island. 00:17:41.961 --> 00:17:45.565 So Nishikaichi elected to crash-land 00:17:45.565 --> 00:17:48.801 on the tiny Hawaiian island called Niihau. 00:17:48.801 --> 00:17:52.705 -Did the pilot survive? -Nishikaichi did survive, 00:17:52.705 --> 00:17:54.407 and the native Hawaiian islanders 00:17:54.407 --> 00:17:56.776 that resided on the island, 00:17:56.776 --> 00:18:00.279 they had no idea what had just happened at Pearl Harbor, 00:18:00.279 --> 00:18:04.016 so they assumed that Nishikaichi was just a wayward pilot 00:18:04.016 --> 00:18:06.285 that just happened to crash-land on their island, 00:18:06.285 --> 00:18:08.154 so when they helped him out of that aircraft, 00:18:08.154 --> 00:18:10.623 they literally treated him as a guest. 00:18:10.623 --> 00:18:13.459 In fact, they held a luau for him that evening. 00:18:13.459 --> 00:18:14.961 -Wow. -Oh, wow. 00:18:14.961 --> 00:18:17.096 -So what did he do with the plane afterwards 00:18:17.096 --> 00:18:18.064 that it looks like this? 00:18:18.064 --> 00:18:20.433 -Well, because the Japanese Zero 00:18:20.433 --> 00:18:25.137 was a top-secret aircraft, 00:18:25.137 --> 00:18:28.441 he did not want the aircraft to fall into enemy hands, 00:18:28.441 --> 00:18:29.742 the Americans, 00:18:29.742 --> 00:18:33.412 so Nishikaichi attempted to burn the aircraft. 00:18:33.412 --> 00:18:36.048 -Wow. -After a few days later, 00:18:36.048 --> 00:18:37.683 some of the Hawaiian islanders 00:18:37.683 --> 00:18:39.585 were able to pick up on the radio 00:18:39.585 --> 00:18:41.954 what exactly happened at Pearl Harbor, 00:18:41.954 --> 00:18:43.689 so they kind of put two and two together 00:18:43.689 --> 00:18:47.560 and kind of figured Nishikaichi must be an enemy pilot, 00:18:47.560 --> 00:18:52.231 so they put him under guard, 00:18:52.231 --> 00:18:57.737 but Nishikaichi was able to obtain a handgun, 00:18:57.737 --> 00:19:02.074 and he literally tried to take over the island. 00:19:02.074 --> 00:19:04.110 And one of the Hawaiian islanders 00:19:04.110 --> 00:19:06.112 that he attempted to take hostage 00:19:06.112 --> 00:19:10.916 defended himself and ultimately killed Nishikaichi. 00:19:10.916 --> 00:19:13.586 -Wow. -And military historians 00:19:13.586 --> 00:19:16.622 believe that this was one of the first land engagements 00:19:16.622 --> 00:19:20.559 between the United States and Japan on American soil. 00:19:20.559 --> 00:19:22.294 -So, Jimmy, do you remember seeing 00:19:22.294 --> 00:19:24.430 any of these kind of planes flying overhead? 00:19:24.430 --> 00:19:25.965 -Oh, yes. Sure did. 00:19:25.965 --> 00:19:28.501 But, you know, let's go outside where we can explain 00:19:28.501 --> 00:19:30.202 and see it a little better. 00:19:33.472 --> 00:19:35.975 -So, Hangar 79 was damaged during the attack 00:19:35.975 --> 00:19:38.477 and is now part of the Pacific Aviation Museum. 00:19:38.477 --> 00:19:39.545 Could you tell us a little about it? 00:19:39.545 --> 00:19:40.980 -Yeah. You're correct. 00:19:40.980 --> 00:19:43.582 In fact, if you look on the hangar windows there, 00:19:43.582 --> 00:19:47.820 it still bears the scars of that December 7th morning -- 00:19:47.820 --> 00:19:49.255 the bullet holes in the windows. 00:19:49.255 --> 00:19:50.823 -Mm-hmm. -Hangar 79, at the time 00:19:50.823 --> 00:19:54.126 of the attack, was a maintenance and engine-repair facility, 00:19:54.126 --> 00:19:55.928 so you can pretty much imagine 00:19:55.928 --> 00:19:58.564 this hangar was probably filled with aircraft 00:19:58.564 --> 00:20:00.800 that were based out of Pearl Harbor at the time. 00:20:00.800 --> 00:20:03.536 But rather than hear me talk, why don't we go inside, 00:20:03.536 --> 00:20:07.306 and let's meet somebody that was actually here on the attack. 00:20:07.306 --> 00:20:09.809 -Okay. 00:20:12.578 --> 00:20:14.780 I'm so honored to be with all of you today. 00:20:14.780 --> 00:20:16.315 Thank you. -Yeah. 00:20:16.315 --> 00:20:19.251 Let me introduce these distinguished gentlemen. 00:20:19.251 --> 00:20:22.421 On my immediate left is Eddie Young, 00:20:22.421 --> 00:20:26.325 Ian Bernie, and Dick Girocco. 00:20:26.325 --> 00:20:29.361 -So, how did you guys feel when you saw 00:20:29.361 --> 00:20:32.798 all the planes flying overhead or the ships on fire? 00:20:32.798 --> 00:20:34.900 Like, how did that stick with you? 00:20:34.900 --> 00:20:39.472 -I was 6 1/2 and had just started first grade, 00:20:39.472 --> 00:20:42.508 and I was out playing in the yard that Sunday morning, 00:20:42.508 --> 00:20:44.410 and I saw some airplanes, 00:20:44.410 --> 00:20:46.946 and we had never seen an airplane where we lived. 00:20:46.946 --> 00:20:51.383 My father was concerned when he heard shells nearby, 00:20:51.383 --> 00:20:53.719 so he pushed me back in the house, 00:20:53.719 --> 00:20:58.190 and we listened to our old Philco tabletop radio, 00:20:58.190 --> 00:21:00.226 and there was a local radio personality 00:21:00.226 --> 00:21:02.995 named Webley Edwards who kept repeating, 00:21:02.995 --> 00:21:05.731 "This is the real McCoy. We are under attack. 00:21:05.731 --> 00:21:07.767 This is the real McCoy." 00:21:07.767 --> 00:21:10.002 -It was a beautiful Sunday morning, 00:21:10.002 --> 00:21:12.304 and I got out of my house 00:21:12.304 --> 00:21:15.541 and grabbed my old hand-me-down bicycle, 00:21:15.541 --> 00:21:18.477 and I looked out in the sky, and all of a sudden, 00:21:18.477 --> 00:21:21.280 I saw this Japanese Zero flying overhead. 00:21:21.280 --> 00:21:23.849 And my neighbor was next to me. I nudged him. 00:21:23.849 --> 00:21:26.218 And he was about 23 years old. 00:21:26.218 --> 00:21:28.454 I was 9, and I told him, 00:21:28.454 --> 00:21:30.756 "Mr. Bellamy, that's a Japanese Zero." 00:21:30.756 --> 00:21:34.960 Because we draw planes at school, I know that's a Zero, 00:21:34.960 --> 00:21:36.929 and he said, "No, that's one of ours, Eddie," 00:21:36.929 --> 00:21:38.230 and finally, he looked up, 00:21:38.230 --> 00:21:41.300 and he saw the Rising Sun under the wings. 00:21:41.300 --> 00:21:44.436 And later, as I looked toward Pearl Harbor, 00:21:44.436 --> 00:21:48.107 when the Zero passed over, he went to Pearl, 00:21:48.107 --> 00:21:51.710 and I saw all the flak in the air, 00:21:51.710 --> 00:21:53.779 so I knew this was the real thing. 00:21:53.779 --> 00:21:57.016 In a few minutes, I saw a big plume of smoke go up. 00:21:57.016 --> 00:21:58.817 It went up 200 feet. 00:21:58.817 --> 00:22:00.719 It was not black. It was red. 00:22:00.719 --> 00:22:05.257 That was the Arizona, and, eventually, it turned black. 00:22:05.257 --> 00:22:07.326 -How about you? How did you feel? 00:22:07.326 --> 00:22:09.562 -Well, to begin with, I was in the Navy, 00:22:09.562 --> 00:22:15.234 and I was in a squadron of PBY Catalina flying boats. 00:22:15.234 --> 00:22:19.538 We were based here on Ford Island in Hangar 54, 00:22:19.538 --> 00:22:23.008 which is the next one over from this one. 00:22:23.008 --> 00:22:26.946 What got our attention first was the noise the dive bombers 00:22:26.946 --> 00:22:30.616 were making coming down on our seaplane ramp, 00:22:30.616 --> 00:22:35.988 and we thought it was the Army Air Corps playing tricks on us. 00:22:35.988 --> 00:22:40.092 They used to come by on occasion and dive bomb us 00:22:40.092 --> 00:22:42.294 and drop flour sacks on us, 00:22:42.294 --> 00:22:46.098 so we all run out the front of the hangar and looked up. 00:22:46.098 --> 00:22:48.601 Didn't realize instantly that they were Japanese. 00:22:48.601 --> 00:22:52.037 Of course, when they released their bombs, 00:22:52.037 --> 00:22:54.306 they didn't look like flour sacks, 00:22:54.306 --> 00:22:56.108 and, of course, when they pulled out of their dives, 00:22:56.108 --> 00:22:59.044 you could see the red circle on the wings. 00:22:59.044 --> 00:23:01.113 Then it was a matter of self-preservation. 00:23:01.113 --> 00:23:02.648 Get under cover somewhere. 00:23:02.648 --> 00:23:05.584 And there was no cover at all, so as luck would have it, 00:23:05.584 --> 00:23:08.087 they were putting a pipeline of some sort in out here 00:23:08.087 --> 00:23:10.923 between the hangars and the runway, 00:23:10.923 --> 00:23:13.125 and they hadn't put the pipe in it yet, 00:23:13.125 --> 00:23:16.028 so we all got in that, 00:23:16.028 --> 00:23:21.800 and, basically, we were practically underground. 00:23:21.800 --> 00:23:24.870 So, basically, what I remember the most was the noise 00:23:24.870 --> 00:23:26.705 and the concussions. 00:23:26.705 --> 00:23:30.909 After about an hour, everything stopped. 00:23:30.909 --> 00:23:35.014 Second wave come over after about 15, 20 minutes, 00:23:35.014 --> 00:23:40.152 so when that happened, back in the ditch for another hour. 00:23:40.152 --> 00:23:42.254 -So, was there any moment during that morning 00:23:42.254 --> 00:23:43.622 when you really realized 00:23:43.622 --> 00:23:45.924 that your life was going to be different? 00:23:45.924 --> 00:23:48.294 -When nightfall came, 00:23:48.294 --> 00:23:50.996 then everyone in the neighborhood 00:23:50.996 --> 00:23:54.767 was shaking and being afraid that we don't know 00:23:54.767 --> 00:23:58.103 whether they landed troops or not, 00:23:58.103 --> 00:24:00.839 and there were rumors about troopers 00:24:00.839 --> 00:24:02.574 going up to the reservoir 00:24:02.574 --> 00:24:04.610 and putting poison in the water, 00:24:04.610 --> 00:24:07.012 so everybody started filling their bathtubs 00:24:07.012 --> 00:24:08.480 with drinking water. 00:24:08.480 --> 00:24:11.317 -We were out of school for a couple of weeks, 00:24:11.317 --> 00:24:15.721 and I still have an ID issued by the territory 00:24:15.721 --> 00:24:18.290 on January 7, 1942, 00:24:18.290 --> 00:24:22.695 which coincides with when I was fingerprinted 00:24:22.695 --> 00:24:25.364 and given an ID and issued a gas mask. 00:24:25.364 --> 00:24:28.867 And I carried that gas mask throughout the war. 00:24:28.867 --> 00:24:31.704 -So, thank you all so much for sharing your stories with me, 00:24:31.704 --> 00:24:34.373 and thank you for your service to the country. 00:24:34.373 --> 00:24:36.141 -You're very welcome. 00:24:37.743 --> 00:24:42.314 ♪♪ 00:24:42.314 --> 00:24:46.985 -Julia, this is another beautiful spot on Pearl Harbor 00:24:46.985 --> 00:24:51.323 where we can learn of the attack in Oahu. 00:24:51.323 --> 00:24:54.360 Right here is the Battleship Missouri Memorial, 00:24:54.360 --> 00:25:00.099 and out there in the harbor is the USS Arizona Memorial. 00:25:00.099 --> 00:25:03.035 Under that memorial is the sunken remains 00:25:03.035 --> 00:25:05.304 of the Arizona and her men. 00:25:05.304 --> 00:25:07.272 75 years ago, 00:25:07.272 --> 00:25:11.443 this area on Ford Island was called Battleship Row, 00:25:11.443 --> 00:25:14.012 where US battleships were lined up 00:25:14.012 --> 00:25:16.281 on the morning of December 7th. 00:25:16.281 --> 00:25:18.450 -Battleship Row was one of the Japanese pilots' 00:25:18.450 --> 00:25:19.618 primary targets. 00:25:19.618 --> 00:25:21.620 Some dropped specially designed torpedoes 00:25:21.620 --> 00:25:24.456 that tore huge holes into ships below the water line. 00:25:24.456 --> 00:25:26.992 Some dropped bombs onto the decks of the ships, 00:25:26.992 --> 00:25:29.194 producing giant explosions. 00:25:29.194 --> 00:25:31.497 The US sailors headed to their battle stations 00:25:31.497 --> 00:25:34.099 in a brave effort to down Japanese planes, 00:25:34.099 --> 00:25:36.568 but did little damage to the enemy. 00:25:36.568 --> 00:25:40.005 By the time the attack was over, all eight US battleships 00:25:40.005 --> 00:25:42.541 were either heavily damaged or sunk... 00:25:42.541 --> 00:25:50.382 -♪ Long may our land be bright ♪ 00:25:50.382 --> 00:25:52.751 -...and more than 2,400 servicemen, 00:25:52.751 --> 00:25:55.687 mostly US Navy sailors, had been killed. 00:25:55.687 --> 00:25:58.824 A further 1,200 people were wounded. 00:25:58.824 --> 00:26:04.997 -The deadliest attack that day came when a 1,760-pound bomb 00:26:04.997 --> 00:26:08.200 was dropped onto the deck of the USS Arizona. 00:26:08.200 --> 00:26:10.169 It struck the ship's magazine, 00:26:10.169 --> 00:26:12.938 where the Arizona's ammunition was stored. 00:26:12.938 --> 00:26:16.375 A massive explosion ripped through the forward part 00:26:16.375 --> 00:26:19.945 of the ship and created a huge fire ball, 00:26:19.945 --> 00:26:23.749 killing 1,177 of the crew onboard. 00:26:23.749 --> 00:26:26.485 Half of the loss of life at Pearl Harbor 00:26:26.485 --> 00:26:31.290 on December 7, 1941, came on the Arizona. 00:26:31.290 --> 00:26:33.091 -Wow. That is so sad. 00:26:33.091 --> 00:26:34.526 This place is so beautiful. 00:26:34.526 --> 00:26:37.096 I can't even imagine all that destruction 00:26:37.096 --> 00:26:39.198 happening 75 years ago. 00:26:39.198 --> 00:26:41.366 Did the Japanese attack anywhere else that day? 00:26:41.366 --> 00:26:46.205 -Oh, yes. Not only over Pearl Harbor, but over at Hickam. 00:26:46.205 --> 00:26:48.640 And as I looked up towards the mountainside up there, 00:26:48.640 --> 00:26:50.642 planes were attacking there, too. 00:26:50.642 --> 00:26:52.611 And in front of me, you know, 00:26:52.611 --> 00:26:55.714 they were attacking up there in a place called Ewa, 00:26:55.714 --> 00:26:58.050 and, of course, on the other side of the island, 00:26:58.050 --> 00:27:00.819 several other bases were hit, too. 00:27:00.819 --> 00:27:03.889 -The explosion from the USS Arizona was huge. 00:27:03.889 --> 00:27:05.224 Could you see it from where you were? 00:27:05.224 --> 00:27:08.727 -Oh, yes. I could see it real clearly, and I tell you, 00:27:08.727 --> 00:27:11.029 it was something that you'll never forget. 00:27:11.029 --> 00:27:12.998 But, you know, when we get to the other side, 00:27:12.998 --> 00:27:16.635 we can go somewhere else, and I can show you a better view. 00:27:18.637 --> 00:27:21.773 You know, here in this fish pond, this is where I grew up. 00:27:21.773 --> 00:27:25.544 -So, what were you doing up here on the morning of the attack? 00:27:25.544 --> 00:27:27.579 -You know, I grew up on a farm right here, 00:27:27.579 --> 00:27:29.882 and that morning, I was feeding the pigs. 00:27:29.882 --> 00:27:31.383 That's my job. 00:27:31.383 --> 00:27:34.419 Look at that coconut tree. See how high it is? 00:27:34.419 --> 00:27:38.824 Well, that plane just came over our pig pen just that high. 00:27:38.824 --> 00:27:41.226 When I looked up there, there were hundreds of planes, 00:27:41.226 --> 00:27:45.964 you know, flying, and it was so fascinating to me. 00:27:45.964 --> 00:27:48.767 I never saw so many planes in all my life. 00:27:48.767 --> 00:27:50.269 -So, were you scared when you realized 00:27:50.269 --> 00:27:51.503 that it wasn't a show 00:27:51.503 --> 00:27:53.472 and that it was Hawaii being under attack? 00:27:53.472 --> 00:27:54.540 -No. Was I scared? 00:27:54.540 --> 00:27:56.408 The answer is no. 00:27:56.408 --> 00:27:58.176 It was exciting. 00:27:58.176 --> 00:28:00.245 It was so interesting. 00:28:00.245 --> 00:28:02.381 -So, did you and your family hide 00:28:02.381 --> 00:28:04.016 after they realized it was Japanese? 00:28:04.016 --> 00:28:08.954 -Well, you know, we watched for about over an hour and a half, 00:28:08.954 --> 00:28:11.957 and that's when the loudspeakers come by and said, 00:28:11.957 --> 00:28:15.494 "Hey, we're at war! We've been bombed by the Japanese." 00:28:15.494 --> 00:28:16.695 You know what we did? 00:28:16.695 --> 00:28:18.397 We took off up into the mountains up there, 00:28:18.397 --> 00:28:21.366 up in the valley, hid out in the caves. 00:28:21.366 --> 00:28:23.769 Then we came back home, and the attack was over. 00:28:23.769 --> 00:28:25.704 Less than three hours, it was over, 00:28:25.704 --> 00:28:27.873 and one of the things that happened that afternoon, 00:28:27.873 --> 00:28:30.876 of course, was martial law came in effect, 00:28:30.876 --> 00:28:33.145 and with martial law, we had curfews, 00:28:33.145 --> 00:28:35.213 we had rationing and everything else. 00:28:35.213 --> 00:28:38.784 But then, from that day on, it was fear. 00:28:38.784 --> 00:28:40.652 -Mm-hmm. -It was fear. 00:28:40.652 --> 00:28:42.087 -Although Jimmy was unharmed, 00:28:42.087 --> 00:28:45.057 68 civilians were killed during the attack. 00:28:45.057 --> 00:28:48.327 Neighborhoods like this one were damaged by enemy fire. 00:28:48.327 --> 00:28:51.196 Take this house right across from Wheeler Army Airfield. 00:28:51.196 --> 00:28:55.767 An off-target Japanese bomb landed right in their yard. 00:28:55.767 --> 00:28:58.036 The attack changed the lives of servicemen and women, 00:28:58.036 --> 00:29:00.072 as well as civilians at Pearl Harbor. 00:29:00.072 --> 00:29:01.273 I wonder if it had the same effect 00:29:01.273 --> 00:29:02.874 on Americans on the mainland? 00:29:02.874 --> 00:29:06.445 Let me text Eliana to see if she can find out for me. 00:29:06.445 --> 00:29:12.484 ♪♪ 00:29:12.484 --> 00:29:22.060 ♪♪ 00:29:22.060 --> 00:29:24.096 -We covered a lot in that last segment, 00:29:24.096 --> 00:29:27.065 learning how the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. 00:29:27.065 --> 00:29:30.435 It was a surprise attack on December 7, 1941, 00:29:30.435 --> 00:29:33.872 by planes that took off from Japanese aircraft carriers. 00:29:33.872 --> 00:29:36.375 Let's check out some of your questions right now. 00:29:36.375 --> 00:29:37.709 You ready, Kenneth? -I'm ready. 00:29:37.709 --> 00:29:40.812 -First question is from students in Abilene, Kansas. 00:29:40.812 --> 00:29:42.981 "How long did the attack last?" 00:29:42.981 --> 00:29:46.718 -Well, the attack was actually quite short. 00:29:46.718 --> 00:29:50.589 A few hours after it began, the whole thing was over. 00:29:50.589 --> 00:29:54.292 The Japanese sent two different waves of aircraft 00:29:54.292 --> 00:29:58.730 from their aircraft carriers over Oahu to attack -- 00:29:58.730 --> 00:30:01.133 a first wave, and then they returned, 00:30:01.133 --> 00:30:03.769 and then a second wave came, and then they returned. 00:30:03.769 --> 00:30:07.372 And by mid-morning, the whole attack was over, 00:30:07.372 --> 00:30:08.840 and the Japanese fleet 00:30:08.840 --> 00:30:12.678 was already starting to head back to Japan, 00:30:12.678 --> 00:30:16.381 leaving the United States to clean up the big mess. 00:30:16.381 --> 00:30:20.185 -Two waves that changed the history of the world. 00:30:20.185 --> 00:30:22.120 We have one more question for you, Kenneth. 00:30:22.120 --> 00:30:24.923 This one is from Josiah in Florida. 00:30:24.923 --> 00:30:28.126 "Were any of the destroyed battleships restored?" 00:30:28.126 --> 00:30:29.461 -Yes, absolutely. 00:30:29.461 --> 00:30:31.329 Josiah, it's a great question. 00:30:31.329 --> 00:30:35.000 You know, we didn't have that many extra ships, 00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:36.802 and so we had to -- 00:30:36.802 --> 00:30:40.072 Not only did we start building a lot more ships 00:30:40.072 --> 00:30:43.308 to fight the war, both in Europe and in the Pacific, 00:30:43.308 --> 00:30:46.812 but we also raised as many ships as we could 00:30:46.812 --> 00:30:50.382 that had been damaged or sunk, refitted them, 00:30:50.382 --> 00:30:53.485 and then by, you know, a year or two later, 00:30:53.485 --> 00:30:57.355 many of the ships were actually put back into service 00:30:57.355 --> 00:31:00.225 to help win the war against Japan. 00:31:00.225 --> 00:31:01.226 Great question. 00:31:01.226 --> 00:31:02.794 -Great question, great answer. 00:31:02.794 --> 00:31:03.962 Thank you, Kenneth. 00:31:03.962 --> 00:31:05.964 In this next segment, we'll learn more 00:31:05.964 --> 00:31:08.300 from Eliana and Julia about what happened 00:31:08.300 --> 00:31:10.168 after the Japanese attacked, 00:31:10.168 --> 00:31:12.704 both in Hawaii and on the US mainland. 00:31:12.704 --> 00:31:14.940 But first, you have another opportunity 00:31:14.940 --> 00:31:17.075 to vote on what you'd like to see. 00:31:17.075 --> 00:31:18.577 Eliana will be examining 00:31:18.577 --> 00:31:20.412 United States' propaganda posters 00:31:20.412 --> 00:31:21.880 during this next segment. 00:31:21.880 --> 00:31:23.115 Do you want her to check out, 00:31:23.115 --> 00:31:25.450 "A," the poster with the American flag, 00:31:25.450 --> 00:31:29.087 or, "B," the Avenge December 7th poster? 00:31:29.087 --> 00:31:31.623 Text the letter "A" or "B" for your choice. 00:31:31.623 --> 00:31:33.258 You only have about a minute to vote, 00:31:33.258 --> 00:31:35.160 so enter your decision now. 00:31:35.160 --> 00:31:39.664 And let's see where Eliana is now in the museum. 00:31:39.664 --> 00:31:43.368 ♪♪ 00:31:43.368 --> 00:31:45.070 -I'm back in New Orleans 00:31:45.070 --> 00:31:46.872 at The National World War II Museum 00:31:46.872 --> 00:31:48.373 in the Road to Tokyo galleries. 00:31:48.373 --> 00:31:50.075 Here, we're looking at some artifacts 00:31:50.075 --> 00:31:51.877 Ms. Chrissy pulled from the vault. 00:31:51.877 --> 00:31:54.546 Now, Julia told me that the attack devastated Hawaii, 00:31:54.546 --> 00:31:57.783 but did it have a larger effect on the United States? 00:31:57.783 --> 00:31:59.951 -Eliana, that's a fantastic question, 00:31:59.951 --> 00:32:02.187 and as you probably guessed, it definitely did. 00:32:02.187 --> 00:32:05.190 This infamous day was felt by many Americans 00:32:05.190 --> 00:32:06.792 all across this country. 00:32:06.792 --> 00:32:08.493 They were listening to, you know, 00:32:08.493 --> 00:32:09.928 their regularly scheduled program 00:32:09.928 --> 00:32:11.263 on these radio broadcasts, 00:32:11.263 --> 00:32:14.299 and this news interrupts that radio broadcast. 00:32:14.299 --> 00:32:16.234 Or, as we actually even see here, 00:32:16.234 --> 00:32:19.237 these are some artifacts, indeed, from our vault. 00:32:19.237 --> 00:32:21.840 And these are all major headlines that day 00:32:21.840 --> 00:32:24.643 about Japan attacking the United States 00:32:24.643 --> 00:32:27.345 and the US now at war. 00:32:27.345 --> 00:32:33.251 So, here closest to you, we see a newspaper from Chicago. 00:32:33.251 --> 00:32:35.554 Next to me is actually a newspaper from a small town -- 00:32:35.554 --> 00:32:37.255 Hattiesburg, Mississippi. 00:32:37.255 --> 00:32:39.624 And, of course, in the center here 00:32:39.624 --> 00:32:43.094 is a newspaper from New Orleans declaring that war. 00:32:43.094 --> 00:32:46.698 So, something that Americans felt all across this country, 00:32:46.698 --> 00:32:49.134 that this day of infamy would live with many of them 00:32:49.134 --> 00:32:50.836 for the rest of their life. 00:32:50.836 --> 00:32:53.305 -Now, you say "day of infamy" a lot, 00:32:53.305 --> 00:32:54.339 and we've heard it several times, 00:32:54.339 --> 00:32:56.074 so what does "infamy" mean? 00:32:56.074 --> 00:32:58.476 -Ah, see, that's another really great question, 00:32:58.476 --> 00:33:01.580 and we actually have used it quite a bit, haven't we? 00:33:01.580 --> 00:33:05.016 Infamy means being famous for a negative reason. 00:33:05.016 --> 00:33:07.986 And it's a great word because it's the same word 00:33:07.986 --> 00:33:10.488 that our President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 00:33:10.488 --> 00:33:12.657 uses in a famous speech 00:33:12.657 --> 00:33:15.393 the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 00:33:15.393 --> 00:33:18.530 And in that speech, he is asking Congress 00:33:18.530 --> 00:33:20.832 to declare war on Japan. 00:33:20.832 --> 00:33:23.168 And, actually, on the other side of you, 00:33:23.168 --> 00:33:25.871 we have a copy of that speech. 00:33:25.871 --> 00:33:28.006 Now, it's not the final speech. 00:33:28.006 --> 00:33:31.743 You can see there's some edits to it from Roosevelt himself. 00:33:31.743 --> 00:33:33.245 But can you look there and see -- 00:33:33.245 --> 00:33:35.247 What's the first sentence on there? 00:33:35.247 --> 00:33:36.248 What does it say? 00:33:36.248 --> 00:33:39.451 It says "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, 00:33:39.451 --> 00:33:41.753 a date which will live in world history." 00:33:41.753 --> 00:33:43.154 -"World history." 00:33:43.154 --> 00:33:44.656 And then, you can see above, though, 00:33:44.656 --> 00:33:47.459 he scratched out "world history" and wrote "infamy." 00:33:47.459 --> 00:33:49.928 So, why do you think he would change his words? 00:33:49.928 --> 00:33:51.363 -Well, he knew it was a speech 00:33:51.363 --> 00:33:53.932 that was important in American history, 00:33:53.932 --> 00:33:57.135 so he wanted to get his point across, 00:33:57.135 --> 00:33:59.337 kind of like the Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. 00:33:59.337 --> 00:34:00.472 -Exactly. 00:34:00.472 --> 00:34:03.575 Going to war was a big step for our country. 00:34:03.575 --> 00:34:06.444 Thousands of people were killed in a surprise attack, 00:34:06.444 --> 00:34:07.979 a truly terrible act. 00:34:07.979 --> 00:34:10.315 Calling Japan's attack "infamous" 00:34:10.315 --> 00:34:12.250 set the tone for his request, 00:34:12.250 --> 00:34:13.752 and it proved to be true. 00:34:13.752 --> 00:34:18.056 Congress almost unanimously declared war on Japan. 00:34:18.056 --> 00:34:20.558 -Now, at the end of 1941, 00:34:20.558 --> 00:34:22.994 America was finally dragged into the world war 00:34:22.994 --> 00:34:26.998 that China and Japan had been fighting since 1937, 00:34:26.998 --> 00:34:30.168 and much of Europe had been in since 1939. 00:34:30.168 --> 00:34:32.337 In the days after the attack, 00:34:32.337 --> 00:34:34.506 thousands of Americans joined the fight, 00:34:34.506 --> 00:34:37.809 signing up at recruiting centers across the country. 00:34:37.809 --> 00:34:39.911 Three days later, Germany and Italy, 00:34:39.911 --> 00:34:41.313 who were allied with Japan, 00:34:41.313 --> 00:34:43.715 declared war on the United States. 00:34:43.715 --> 00:34:45.684 For the next three-and-a-half years, 00:34:45.684 --> 00:34:46.918 the US would be committed 00:34:46.918 --> 00:34:49.521 to fighting and winning this global conflict. 00:34:49.521 --> 00:34:50.956 I see more posters. 00:34:50.956 --> 00:34:52.290 -Exactly. 00:34:52.290 --> 00:34:54.960 Yeah, I actually pulled some earlier from our vault. 00:34:54.960 --> 00:34:57.562 Earlier in the electronic field trip, 00:34:57.562 --> 00:35:01.766 our audience voted on what the meaning of "propaganda" was. 00:35:01.766 --> 00:35:03.168 Do you remember that meaning? 00:35:03.168 --> 00:35:07.138 -Propaganda is a tool used to convince or persuade people 00:35:07.138 --> 00:35:09.441 to act or believe in a certain way. 00:35:09.441 --> 00:35:12.844 Okay, you guys voted on which Pearl Harbor posters 00:35:12.844 --> 00:35:13.845 you wanted to see. 00:35:13.845 --> 00:35:15.447 Let's see how you voted. 00:35:15.447 --> 00:35:25.423 ♪♪ 00:35:25.423 --> 00:35:27.826 Well, it looks like the students chose option "B." 00:35:27.826 --> 00:35:28.893 -Oh, perfect. 00:35:28.893 --> 00:35:31.096 This is another great propaganda poster. 00:35:31.096 --> 00:35:32.297 And, actually, you know what? 00:35:32.297 --> 00:35:33.365 I'm gonna take the backseat here 00:35:33.365 --> 00:35:34.733 and let you be the historian. 00:35:34.733 --> 00:35:36.501 Tell me what you see in that poster there. 00:35:36.501 --> 00:35:38.203 -Well, it's very dark and dramatic, 00:35:38.203 --> 00:35:41.006 and there seems to be a sailor with his fist up 00:35:41.006 --> 00:35:42.607 like he's charging forward. 00:35:42.607 --> 00:35:45.810 And I think that's the USS Arizona exploding in the back. 00:35:45.810 --> 00:35:47.445 -That's actually exactly right. 00:35:47.445 --> 00:35:50.081 And notice, if you take a closer look at that sailor there, 00:35:50.081 --> 00:35:51.483 his sleeve is all tattered. 00:35:51.483 --> 00:35:52.917 What do you think that might mean? 00:35:52.917 --> 00:35:56.221 -Well, it could mean that he might have been in the attack, 00:35:56.221 --> 00:35:57.455 and he looks very determined. 00:35:57.455 --> 00:35:59.891 -Yeah, very good. I think you're exactly right. 00:35:59.891 --> 00:36:02.560 Now, there's another really good vocabulary term 00:36:02.560 --> 00:36:03.528 in that poster. 00:36:03.528 --> 00:36:05.363 It says "Avenge December 7." 00:36:05.363 --> 00:36:07.432 What do you think "avenge" means? 00:36:07.432 --> 00:36:09.667 -Well, "avenge" kind of sounds like "revenge," 00:36:09.667 --> 00:36:14.572 so it could mean that the US was getting back at Japan 00:36:14.572 --> 00:36:16.641 for the attack on Pearl Harbor. 00:36:16.641 --> 00:36:19.210 -Exactly. Man, I couldn't analyze it any better myself. 00:36:19.210 --> 00:36:20.445 Great job, Eliana. 00:36:20.445 --> 00:36:23.815 -So, I hear a lot of "avenge" and "remember." 00:36:23.815 --> 00:36:26.284 -Yeah, you're exactly right to pick up on that. 00:36:26.284 --> 00:36:29.287 That was a common theme after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 00:36:29.287 --> 00:36:32.557 Posters actually like the one that we just analyzed 00:36:32.557 --> 00:36:35.493 were spread across towns, communities, and cities 00:36:35.493 --> 00:36:37.228 all throughout World War II. 00:36:37.228 --> 00:36:39.364 And you know what? It wasn't just posters. 00:36:39.364 --> 00:36:41.699 I actually have some other great artifacts here 00:36:41.699 --> 00:36:43.668 from the museum's vault that say -- 00:36:43.668 --> 00:36:46.304 you probably guessed it -- "Remember Pearl Harbor." 00:36:46.304 --> 00:36:47.372 So, as you can see here, 00:36:47.372 --> 00:36:49.174 we've got this really neat comic book 00:36:49.174 --> 00:36:50.675 that says "Remember Pearl Harbor," 00:36:50.675 --> 00:36:54.112 with Uncle Sam charging at Japan. 00:36:54.112 --> 00:36:58.016 There were also buttons and pins and trinkets. 00:36:58.016 --> 00:37:00.985 And so, these sweetheart pins, which are actually pins 00:37:00.985 --> 00:37:05.123 given by those loved ones far away from home, at the war, 00:37:05.123 --> 00:37:07.092 they would send these to their loved ones 00:37:07.092 --> 00:37:09.461 here on the home front, saying, "I remember you," 00:37:09.461 --> 00:37:11.096 and "I miss you," and "I'm thinking about you." 00:37:11.096 --> 00:37:13.098 And so, the common themes with those is 00:37:13.098 --> 00:37:15.400 remember Pearl Harbor, never forget. 00:37:15.400 --> 00:37:17.035 And you can see some of them are pretty elaborate 00:37:17.035 --> 00:37:18.336 and pretty beautiful. 00:37:18.336 --> 00:37:20.672 -Wow, if the response was this great on the mainland, 00:37:20.672 --> 00:37:22.640 I wonder what it was like back in Hawaii. 00:37:22.640 --> 00:37:24.642 Let's see what Julia's up to. 00:37:24.642 --> 00:37:26.311 [ Cellphones chirping ] 00:37:26.311 --> 00:37:31.349 ♪♪ 00:37:31.349 --> 00:37:36.454 ♪♪ 00:37:36.454 --> 00:37:38.656 -Right now, I'm at Theodore Roosevelt High School 00:37:38.656 --> 00:37:40.258 on Oahu with Jimmy. 00:37:40.258 --> 00:37:42.761 Roosevelt High was here 75 years ago, 00:37:42.761 --> 00:37:45.730 and the place changed a lot in the months after the attack. 00:37:45.730 --> 00:37:47.065 Check this out. 00:37:47.065 --> 00:37:49.400 Many seniors in the high school joined the military. 00:37:49.400 --> 00:37:51.236 Several students who went to Roosevelt 00:37:51.236 --> 00:37:53.738 were even killed during World War II. 00:37:53.738 --> 00:37:56.741 They are honored with this plaque in front of the school. 00:37:56.741 --> 00:37:59.978 Their names are read by students to this day. 00:37:59.978 --> 00:38:02.547 So, Jimmy, when did you return to school after the attack, 00:38:02.547 --> 00:38:04.949 and how did school life change? 00:38:04.949 --> 00:38:07.352 -You know, I was not at this school before, 00:38:07.352 --> 00:38:09.988 but I went to a school called Aiea, 00:38:09.988 --> 00:38:12.257 and that's near my home. 00:38:12.257 --> 00:38:15.927 But, you know, right after the attack, the school was closed. 00:38:15.927 --> 00:38:17.428 It was used for a hospital. 00:38:17.428 --> 00:38:18.496 -Wow. 00:38:18.496 --> 00:38:20.665 -And therefore, I'm not sure exactly 00:38:20.665 --> 00:38:24.903 when I went back to school, but it was a long time. 00:38:24.903 --> 00:38:29.941 But during that time, you know, with martial law, 00:38:29.941 --> 00:38:32.977 I mean, we just lived in fear. 00:38:32.977 --> 00:38:35.547 And, you know, the military took control. 00:38:35.547 --> 00:38:37.482 And we had blackouts, we had rationing, 00:38:37.482 --> 00:38:39.317 we had censorship. 00:38:39.317 --> 00:38:42.120 And all the things that we used to do, 00:38:42.120 --> 00:38:44.455 you know, whether it was right, wrong, or indifferent, 00:38:44.455 --> 00:38:46.024 we had to do things the military way, 00:38:46.024 --> 00:38:48.159 and we lived like that for three years. 00:38:48.159 --> 00:38:49.260 -Wow. 00:38:49.260 --> 00:38:51.396 -You know, like going into the waters. 00:38:51.396 --> 00:38:52.797 And that was a violation. 00:38:52.797 --> 00:38:54.899 Every time I did that, I got arrested. 00:38:54.899 --> 00:39:00.772 Martial law was really something that disciplined us. 00:39:00.772 --> 00:39:03.975 We could not say anything. 00:39:03.975 --> 00:39:05.143 -The military took over 00:39:05.143 --> 00:39:07.145 parts of the school's administration building, 00:39:07.145 --> 00:39:09.447 the athletic fields, and the backyard. 00:39:09.447 --> 00:39:12.817 The school was even surrounded by barbed-wire barricades. 00:39:12.817 --> 00:39:14.385 Students supported the war effort 00:39:14.385 --> 00:39:15.954 and joined the Victory Corps, 00:39:15.954 --> 00:39:18.957 a club that gathered scrap materials and sold war bonds 00:39:18.957 --> 00:39:20.992 to help pay for the war. 00:39:20.992 --> 00:39:25.763 -You know, Julia, the students here were so patriotic. 00:39:25.763 --> 00:39:28.233 And, you know, this school here, 00:39:28.233 --> 00:39:33.304 the student, they raised almost -- over $160,000... 00:39:33.304 --> 00:39:36.274 -Wow. -...buying war bonds and stamps 00:39:36.274 --> 00:39:38.943 and working in the pineapple fields. 00:39:38.943 --> 00:39:41.079 -So, schools, especially here in Hawaii, 00:39:41.079 --> 00:39:43.248 dramatically changed after the attack. 00:39:43.248 --> 00:39:45.316 Not only did their physical appearance alter, 00:39:45.316 --> 00:39:47.218 with barbed wire and barricades, 00:39:47.218 --> 00:39:48.753 but the students helped the war effort 00:39:48.753 --> 00:39:50.221 in ways that they could. 00:39:50.221 --> 00:39:53.524 Many even enlisted in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, 00:39:53.524 --> 00:39:56.094 some never coming back from the battlefronts. 00:39:56.094 --> 00:39:59.530 ♪♪ 00:39:59.530 --> 00:40:01.833 -Eliana and Julia, thanks for your reporting. 00:40:01.833 --> 00:40:03.768 You answered our third question, 00:40:03.768 --> 00:40:05.970 of what happened after the attack. 00:40:05.970 --> 00:40:08.473 The United States officially entered World War II, 00:40:08.473 --> 00:40:11.209 which would change the lives of many Americans, 00:40:11.209 --> 00:40:12.710 including students. 00:40:12.710 --> 00:40:15.280 So, Kenneth, there was fear in the country 00:40:15.280 --> 00:40:17.081 that there would be continued attacks 00:40:17.081 --> 00:40:22.020 or possibly even an invasion of the Japanese on Hawaii? 00:40:22.020 --> 00:40:23.288 -Yeah, there was a fear 00:40:23.288 --> 00:40:26.424 that the Japanese might return to attack Hawaii. 00:40:26.424 --> 00:40:29.694 There was even fear of an attack on the mainland. 00:40:29.694 --> 00:40:31.496 Let me ask you a question. 00:40:31.496 --> 00:40:33.598 -Go ahead. -Do you know 00:40:33.598 --> 00:40:36.301 where the Rose Bowl football game 00:40:36.301 --> 00:40:37.268 is played every year? 00:40:37.268 --> 00:40:38.836 -Pasadena, California. 00:40:38.836 --> 00:40:40.505 -But not in 1942. 00:40:40.505 --> 00:40:41.873 -What? -It was not. 00:40:41.873 --> 00:40:45.543 Because of a fear of a Japanese attack on the West Coast, 00:40:45.543 --> 00:40:49.247 the government banned all large-scale public events. 00:40:49.247 --> 00:40:52.216 And the Rose Bowl was one of those public events. 00:40:52.216 --> 00:40:53.785 And so, in 19-- So, I'll tell you what. 00:40:53.785 --> 00:40:55.219 I have a copy... 00:40:55.219 --> 00:40:56.321 -How could you have a ticket? -...of a ticket here. 00:40:56.321 --> 00:40:57.455 -Wait, how could you have a ticket? 00:40:57.455 --> 00:40:58.957 The game was banned. 00:40:58.957 --> 00:41:00.158 -Well -- Well... 00:41:00.158 --> 00:41:01.893 Well, I'll tell you what. This is kind of small. 00:41:01.893 --> 00:41:04.228 Let me get my larger prop here. 00:41:04.228 --> 00:41:06.597 Here's an enlargement of this ticket. 00:41:06.597 --> 00:41:09.334 And you will see that it says 00:41:09.334 --> 00:41:12.203 that the game is transferred this year 00:41:12.203 --> 00:41:14.505 to Durham, North Carolina, 00:41:14.505 --> 00:41:18.042 from Pasadena Rose Bowl in California. 00:41:18.042 --> 00:41:21.312 So, the game was moved from the West Coast 00:41:21.312 --> 00:41:22.914 all the way to the East Coast 00:41:22.914 --> 00:41:27.285 just to avoid a possible attack by the Japanese. 00:41:27.285 --> 00:41:28.653 And it was moved to Durham 00:41:28.653 --> 00:41:30.755 because Duke University was in it. 00:41:30.755 --> 00:41:32.457 They were playing Oregon State. 00:41:32.457 --> 00:41:33.491 -Oregon State. 00:41:33.491 --> 00:41:34.392 -Now, I'm not gonna tell you who won. 00:41:34.392 --> 00:41:35.560 You'll have to look it up. 00:41:35.560 --> 00:41:38.830 -But don't look it up right now, eager beavers. 00:41:38.830 --> 00:41:40.598 We've got to take some audience questions. 00:41:40.598 --> 00:41:41.733 Kenneth, are you ready? 00:41:41.733 --> 00:41:43.501 -I'm ready. I'm ready. -Okay, here we go. 00:41:43.501 --> 00:41:46.904 "Did Japan attack Hawaii again during the war?" 00:41:46.904 --> 00:41:50.942 -Japan did not attack Hawaii again during the war. 00:41:50.942 --> 00:41:53.878 Of course, Pearl Harbor was the surprise attack, 00:41:53.878 --> 00:41:58.383 but once we were in the war, our -- We were set. 00:41:58.383 --> 00:42:01.519 We knew, we kept a watch out all the time, 00:42:01.519 --> 00:42:04.722 and we made sure that Hawaii was not attacked again. 00:42:04.722 --> 00:42:10.128 And the Japanese never got so far toward the United States 00:42:10.128 --> 00:42:12.630 that they were able to launch a major attack. 00:42:12.630 --> 00:42:14.599 There were a couple of small, little attacks 00:42:14.599 --> 00:42:18.236 on the West Coast -- tiny things -- but nothing major. 00:42:18.236 --> 00:42:20.705 -But that fear lasted throughout the entire war. 00:42:20.705 --> 00:42:23.374 -The fear definitely lasted throughout the entire war, 00:42:23.374 --> 00:42:25.209 with some important consequences. 00:42:25.209 --> 00:42:26.344 -Let's take another question. 00:42:26.344 --> 00:42:28.546 "How were Japanese American citizens treated 00:42:28.546 --> 00:42:29.480 after Pearl Harbor?" 00:42:29.480 --> 00:42:30.948 That's from Matthew Lee. 00:42:30.948 --> 00:42:33.518 -Well, Matthew, that's what I was just about to talk about. 00:42:33.518 --> 00:42:38.389 The fear of the Japanese led to the United States 00:42:38.389 --> 00:42:44.762 putting over 110,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans 00:42:44.762 --> 00:42:47.598 who lived on the West Coast in California, Oregon, 00:42:47.598 --> 00:42:49.200 and Washington state, 00:42:49.200 --> 00:42:51.903 putting them into internment camps 00:42:51.903 --> 00:42:53.671 throughout the rest of the war 00:42:53.671 --> 00:42:55.339 because of fear 00:42:55.339 --> 00:42:57.675 that they wouldn't be loyal to the United States 00:42:57.675 --> 00:42:59.143 and they would help Japan. 00:42:59.143 --> 00:43:01.579 So, now, many decades later, 00:43:01.579 --> 00:43:05.583 the United States actually apologized for that move 00:43:05.583 --> 00:43:07.652 because we violated their civil rights. 00:43:07.652 --> 00:43:09.587 There was never any proof 00:43:09.587 --> 00:43:12.690 that they were disloyal to the United States. 00:43:12.690 --> 00:43:14.859 And so, when we study history, 00:43:14.859 --> 00:43:17.929 we study about all the great things the United States did, 00:43:17.929 --> 00:43:19.797 but we also have to look 00:43:19.797 --> 00:43:21.866 at some of the mistakes we've made in the past. 00:43:21.866 --> 00:43:23.201 -A mistake that they owned up to. 00:43:23.201 --> 00:43:24.235 -Exactly. 00:43:24.235 --> 00:43:26.204 -Let's take one more question. 00:43:26.204 --> 00:43:27.905 "How did people in the United States 00:43:27.905 --> 00:43:30.708 help out the war effort after the attack?" 00:43:30.708 --> 00:43:32.677 And that's from Sophie in Kenner, Louisiana. 00:43:32.677 --> 00:43:34.245 -So, Sophie, thanks so much. 00:43:34.245 --> 00:43:37.081 Not too far from the museum, in Kenner, Louisiana. 00:43:37.081 --> 00:43:39.150 Well, you heard Jimmy Lee talk about 00:43:39.150 --> 00:43:43.654 how the kid at the schools would go scrapping. 00:43:43.654 --> 00:43:46.791 And today, you do the same, but you recycle. 00:43:46.791 --> 00:43:48.159 It's the same thing, 00:43:48.159 --> 00:43:50.962 but scrapping was to collect things for the war effort. 00:43:50.962 --> 00:43:53.030 And so, kids your age, after school, 00:43:53.030 --> 00:43:54.799 would go around their neighborhood 00:43:54.799 --> 00:43:58.336 and collect tires, old rubber things, old metal things, 00:43:58.336 --> 00:44:00.705 and they would turn them in to be melted down 00:44:00.705 --> 00:44:03.074 and turned into things for the war effort. 00:44:03.074 --> 00:44:04.909 So, that's one way people helped. 00:44:04.909 --> 00:44:08.513 Another way is they bought war bonds, 00:44:08.513 --> 00:44:10.748 and that was giving the government money 00:44:10.748 --> 00:44:12.183 to pay for the war. 00:44:12.183 --> 00:44:16.387 And the government would promise to pay you back after the war 00:44:16.387 --> 00:44:17.855 with a little extra. 00:44:17.855 --> 00:44:20.291 So, it was an investment in victory 00:44:20.291 --> 00:44:22.059 and an investment for yourself. 00:44:22.059 --> 00:44:24.562 -There was war going on in the battlefront, 00:44:24.562 --> 00:44:27.131 but also victory was helped on the home front 00:44:27.131 --> 00:44:28.366 here at home in the United States. 00:44:28.366 --> 00:44:29.934 -We're all in this together. 00:44:29.934 --> 00:44:32.670 That was the phrase of the day. 00:44:32.670 --> 00:44:34.105 -Very good. Thank you, Kenneth. 00:44:34.105 --> 00:44:35.706 As we near the end of our program, 00:44:35.706 --> 00:44:37.508 we have one more poll question for you. 00:44:37.508 --> 00:44:40.211 We've discussed the why and how the attack occurred 00:44:40.211 --> 00:44:41.679 and what happened afterwards. 00:44:41.679 --> 00:44:45.049 Our next question is, how can we remember Pearl Harbor, 00:44:45.049 --> 00:44:47.251 and where can we go to learn more? 00:44:47.251 --> 00:44:49.353 "A," at The National World War II Museum 00:44:49.353 --> 00:44:50.488 in New Orleans, 00:44:50.488 --> 00:44:52.990 "B," at the historical sites and museums 00:44:52.990 --> 00:44:54.692 around beautiful Oahu, 00:44:54.692 --> 00:44:57.228 "C," from listening to the stories of people 00:44:57.228 --> 00:44:58.763 who were actually there, 00:44:58.763 --> 00:45:01.132 or, "D," all of the above? 00:45:01.132 --> 00:45:06.070 Let's see how Julie and Eliana answer our last question. 00:45:06.070 --> 00:45:10.274 ♪♪ 00:45:10.274 --> 00:45:11.542 -We have visited several locations 00:45:11.542 --> 00:45:13.644 to tell the story of Pearl Harbor. 00:45:13.644 --> 00:45:16.447 Now there's only two more that we need to see. 00:45:16.447 --> 00:45:19.517 We are here at National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, 00:45:19.517 --> 00:45:21.352 known as Punchbowl. 00:45:21.352 --> 00:45:23.621 It is one of the most beautiful spots in Oahu, 00:45:23.621 --> 00:45:25.890 situated in an ancient volcanic crater 00:45:25.890 --> 00:45:28.926 high above Hawaii's capital, Honolulu. 00:45:28.926 --> 00:45:31.095 -We're now, you know, near the graves 00:45:31.095 --> 00:45:37.768 of Ensign Lewis Stockdale, as well as Chief Vernon Luke. 00:45:37.768 --> 00:45:41.105 Both men died on December 7, 1941, 00:45:41.105 --> 00:45:44.041 with 427 other sailors 00:45:44.041 --> 00:45:47.545 when the battleship USS Oklahoma was torpedoed 00:45:47.545 --> 00:45:49.680 and sank in the harbor. 00:45:49.680 --> 00:45:51.882 Their remains were brought here 00:45:51.882 --> 00:45:55.620 and buried in graves marked "Unknown." 00:45:55.620 --> 00:45:56.887 -But I don't understand. 00:45:56.887 --> 00:45:58.522 These graves have names on them. 00:45:58.522 --> 00:46:00.057 How did they identify them? 00:46:00.057 --> 00:46:03.728 -Well, just recently, they were able to identify them 00:46:03.728 --> 00:46:05.963 through the DNA process. 00:46:05.963 --> 00:46:10.768 The Defense POW/MIA Accountability Agency 00:46:10.768 --> 00:46:14.338 believes that 80% of the unknown remains 00:46:14.338 --> 00:46:17.608 from the USS Oklahoma can be identified 00:46:17.608 --> 00:46:19.377 within five years. 00:46:19.377 --> 00:46:21.312 Lewis' and Vernon's families 00:46:21.312 --> 00:46:24.081 chose to have them reburied at Punchbowl 00:46:24.081 --> 00:46:25.383 with their own graves. 00:46:25.383 --> 00:46:28.352 Even 75 years after the attack, 00:46:28.352 --> 00:46:31.322 we're learning and making new history 00:46:31.322 --> 00:46:33.924 about that infamous day. 00:46:33.924 --> 00:46:35.259 -So, why do you think it's important 00:46:35.259 --> 00:46:37.762 that we remember these victims from so long ago? 00:46:37.762 --> 00:46:39.797 -Oh, it's very important that we do, 00:46:39.797 --> 00:46:41.999 because we've got to remember the names 00:46:41.999 --> 00:46:44.835 of all those people that sacrificed their lives 00:46:44.835 --> 00:46:46.003 during World War II. 00:46:46.003 --> 00:46:48.005 You know, Julia, there's one more place 00:46:48.005 --> 00:46:49.540 that we've got to go. 00:46:49.540 --> 00:46:51.609 You know, we saw it at a distance the other day, 00:46:51.609 --> 00:46:55.846 but we've got to visit the USS Arizona Memorial. 00:46:55.846 --> 00:46:58.883 [ Trumpets playing ] 00:46:58.883 --> 00:47:05.356 ♪♪ 00:47:05.356 --> 00:47:08.559 -In 1962, 21 years after the attack, 00:47:08.559 --> 00:47:12.530 a memorial was built on top of the sunken USS Arizona. 00:47:12.530 --> 00:47:16.767 The remains of approximately 900 sailors still rest inside. 00:47:16.767 --> 00:47:18.703 More than a million people from around the world 00:47:18.703 --> 00:47:21.739 visit this site every year, many of them from Japan, 00:47:21.739 --> 00:47:24.375 to pay their respects to those who died in the attack 00:47:24.375 --> 00:47:27.278 and to learn more about World War II history. 00:47:27.278 --> 00:47:30.381 You know this is a special place for reflection and contemplation 00:47:30.381 --> 00:47:32.516 as soon as you step onto the platform. 00:47:32.516 --> 00:47:35.486 The ship is visible while standing on the memorial, 00:47:35.486 --> 00:47:38.622 and oil still leaks from the ship to this day. 00:47:38.622 --> 00:47:43.294 The shrine marks and remembers the 1,177 servicemen 00:47:43.294 --> 00:47:46.230 lost on the ship on that day of infamy. 00:47:46.230 --> 00:47:50.601 ♪♪ 00:47:50.601 --> 00:47:53.871 -Here at The National World War II Museum in New Orleans, 00:47:53.871 --> 00:47:56.440 I learned that the attack on Pearl Harbor 00:47:56.440 --> 00:47:57.808 stayed in the memories 00:47:57.808 --> 00:48:00.277 with all the Americans throughout the war, 00:48:00.277 --> 00:48:02.446 and inspired many to do their part 00:48:02.446 --> 00:48:04.782 on the homefront and battlefront. 00:48:04.782 --> 00:48:06.751 In World War II, the United States 00:48:06.751 --> 00:48:09.153 faced a tough adversary in Japan. 00:48:09.153 --> 00:48:13.190 From Pearl Harbor to the end of the war in August 1945, 00:48:13.190 --> 00:48:16.227 the United States fought the Japanese in dense jungles, 00:48:16.227 --> 00:48:19.630 on barren islands, on the sea, under the sea, 00:48:19.630 --> 00:48:23.033 and in the air, all the way to Japan's doorstep. 00:48:23.033 --> 00:48:24.235 That doesn't even include 00:48:24.235 --> 00:48:27.037 the fighting in Europe against Germany. 00:48:27.037 --> 00:48:29.440 -The attack on Pearl Harbor united our country 00:48:29.440 --> 00:48:31.008 and spurred the United States 00:48:31.008 --> 00:48:33.210 to fully join this global struggle. 00:48:33.210 --> 00:48:35.045 It was a total war for many nations 00:48:35.045 --> 00:48:37.314 and a conflict that would change the world. 00:48:37.314 --> 00:48:40.084 Including the 2,400 who died 00:48:40.084 --> 00:48:41.919 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, 00:48:41.919 --> 00:48:43.754 more then 400,000 Americans 00:48:43.754 --> 00:48:45.289 would make the ultimate sacrifice 00:48:45.289 --> 00:48:47.291 during the course of the war. 00:48:47.291 --> 00:48:50.361 In total, an estimated 65 million people 00:48:50.361 --> 00:48:51.996 died in World War II, 00:48:51.996 --> 00:48:55.866 making it the deadliest conflict in all of human history. 00:48:55.866 --> 00:48:59.470 -The outcome of the war still echoes in our world today. 00:48:59.470 --> 00:49:03.607 -We pay tribute to those sacrifices that the Americans made 00:49:03.607 --> 00:49:05.576 and to the lives that were lost. 00:49:05.576 --> 00:49:09.880 -And so, today, 75 years later, we remember Pearl Harbor 00:49:09.880 --> 00:49:13.083 because it is an important part of our American history. 00:49:13.083 --> 00:49:16.887 ♪♪ 00:49:16.887 --> 00:49:20.291 -Thank you, Eliana and Julia. Great reporting. 00:49:20.291 --> 00:49:24.261 And a big "mahalo" to you, Mr. Jimmy Lee, an amazing man. 00:49:24.261 --> 00:49:26.430 Now let's take a look at our last poll results. 00:49:26.430 --> 00:49:28.365 Just about everyone got it right. 00:49:28.365 --> 00:49:29.500 There are many places 00:49:29.500 --> 00:49:31.335 to continue learning about Pearl Harbor. 00:49:31.335 --> 00:49:32.903 And as we wrap up this show, 00:49:32.903 --> 00:49:35.072 Kenneth is gonna tell you about one more way 00:49:35.072 --> 00:49:36.907 to learn about Pearl Harbor. 00:49:36.907 --> 00:49:39.076 -Well, to commemorate this day in history, 00:49:39.076 --> 00:49:40.845 The National World War II Museum 00:49:40.845 --> 00:49:43.013 is kicking off a national reading 00:49:43.013 --> 00:49:46.383 of the award-winning young-adult historical novel 00:49:46.383 --> 00:49:49.620 "Under the Blood-Red Sun" by Graham Salisbury. 00:49:49.620 --> 00:49:51.155 The book tells the story 00:49:51.155 --> 00:49:54.959 of 13-year-old Japanese-American Tomikazu 00:49:54.959 --> 00:49:56.493 and his best friend, Billy, 00:49:56.493 --> 00:49:59.496 growing up on Oahu in the 1940s. 00:49:59.496 --> 00:50:02.466 Tomi and Billy's world turns upside-down 00:50:02.466 --> 00:50:05.669 as they witness the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. 00:50:05.669 --> 00:50:06.971 It's a powerful story 00:50:06.971 --> 00:50:09.473 that will definitely capture your attention. 00:50:09.473 --> 00:50:10.574 Our website 00:50:10.574 --> 00:50:17.147 www.pearl75.org/ electronic-field-trip 00:50:17.147 --> 00:50:20.284 has information on how to get copies of the book. 00:50:20.284 --> 00:50:22.319 Once your whole class has read it, 00:50:22.319 --> 00:50:25.155 contact the museum, and we'll send your teacher 00:50:25.155 --> 00:50:29.460 a commemorative Remember Pearl Harbor classroom poster. 00:50:29.460 --> 00:50:31.896 -A great read for all ages. 00:50:31.896 --> 00:50:34.565 Thank you all for being part of this electronic field trip. 00:50:34.565 --> 00:50:36.233 And we want to send a special thank you 00:50:36.233 --> 00:50:39.637 to our fellow PBS member station PBS Hawaii 00:50:39.637 --> 00:50:41.739 for helping us bring the historical sites 00:50:41.739 --> 00:50:43.440 of Pearl Harbor to you. 00:50:43.440 --> 00:50:45.709 Today, by remembering Pearl Harbor, 00:50:45.709 --> 00:50:49.847 we mark not only the sacrifices made on this day 75 years ago, 00:50:49.847 --> 00:50:51.515 we mark the price of freedom. 00:50:51.515 --> 00:50:54.418 From The National World War II Museum in New Orleans, 00:50:54.418 --> 00:50:55.753 I'm Tom Gregory. 00:50:55.753 --> 00:50:57.221 Thank you for joining us. 00:50:57.221 --> 00:51:05.829 ♪♪ 00:51:05.829 --> 00:51:08.866 -The electronic field trip "Remember Pearl Harbor: 00:51:08.866 --> 00:51:12.202 How Students Like You Experienced The Day Of Infamy" 00:51:12.202 --> 00:51:17.074 is made possible by Lillian and Jimmy Maurin 00:51:17.074 --> 00:51:19.109 with additional funding by 00:51:19.109 --> 00:51:23.247 The Joe W. and Dorothy Dorsett Brown Foundation 00:51:23.247 --> 00:51:27.818 and by The Dudley and Constance Godfrey Foundation 00:51:27.818 --> 00:51:32.756 and The Dale E. and Janice Davis Johnston Family Foundation. 00:51:32.756 --> 00:51:41.465 ♪♪ 00:51:41.465 --> 00:51:50.140 ♪♪ 00:51:50.140 --> 00:51:58.849 ♪♪ 00:51:58.849 --> 00:52:07.558 ♪♪ 00:52:07.558 --> 00:52:16.233 ♪♪ 00:52:16.233 --> 00:52:24.942 ♪♪ 00:52:24.942 --> 00:52:33.584 ♪♪ 00:52:33.584 --> 00:52:42.292 ♪♪ 00:52:42.292 --> 00:52:50.968 ♪♪ 00:52:50.968 --> 00:52:59.743 ♪♪ 00:52:59.743 --> 00:53:08.385 ♪♪ 00:53:08.385 --> 00:53:17.061 ♪♪ 00:53:17.061 --> 00:53:25.769 ♪♪