WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.934 --> 00:00:02.801 -Good morning, everyone. 00:00:02.801 --> 00:00:04.400 Or -- I'm sorry -- good afternoon. 00:00:04.400 --> 00:00:09.501 It's 12:00, and welcome to our student webinar today, 00:00:09.501 --> 00:00:13.734 World War II Innovation and Problem Solving. 00:00:13.734 --> 00:00:15.567 And before we get started, 00:00:15.567 --> 00:00:19.100 y'all know I like to do a quick technology review. 00:00:19.100 --> 00:00:21.100 So I'm actually gonna go ahead 00:00:21.100 --> 00:00:23.300 and share my screen with you 00:00:23.300 --> 00:00:26.567 so you can see exactly what I'm talking about. 00:00:26.567 --> 00:00:30.167 So what you're seeing is what your window should look like, 00:00:30.167 --> 00:00:31.767 or it should look very similar 00:00:31.767 --> 00:00:34.400 to what you're seeing on the screen now, 00:00:34.400 --> 00:00:37.934 and there are two very important things I want to highlight. 00:00:37.934 --> 00:00:40.400 The first one is that box 00:00:40.400 --> 00:00:43.434 that looks kind of like a little piece of paper. 00:00:43.434 --> 00:00:45.501 That's our handouts section. 00:00:45.501 --> 00:00:47.534 So before this webinar, 00:00:47.534 --> 00:00:52.300 I did send to all registrants a copy of the teacher guide, 00:00:52.300 --> 00:00:55.300 and that includes a really good essay 00:00:55.300 --> 00:00:56.934 that was written by Rob here 00:00:56.934 --> 00:00:59.868 and also some post-visit activities. 00:00:59.868 --> 00:01:02.067 So if you didn't receive that -- 00:01:02.067 --> 00:01:03.834 If you maybe registered a little late, 00:01:03.834 --> 00:01:06.000 or some of the e-mails bounced back to me 00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:08.901 because I think they might have been typed in wrong 00:01:08.901 --> 00:01:11.033 in the registration form, if you didn't receive that, 00:01:11.033 --> 00:01:13.634 go ahead and click on the handouts box, 00:01:13.634 --> 00:01:16.434 and you can download a copy of that now. 00:01:16.434 --> 00:01:19.000 You can also e-mail me after the webinar 00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:21.167 if you forget to do that before this is over, 00:01:21.167 --> 00:01:23.334 and I can e-mail a copy to you. 00:01:23.334 --> 00:01:25.367 The second big thing I want to point out 00:01:25.367 --> 00:01:27.234 is the question section, 00:01:27.234 --> 00:01:29.601 and this is actually what we're gonna use 00:01:29.601 --> 00:01:32.467 for you all to communicate with us. 00:01:32.467 --> 00:01:36.968 So anytime we ask a question, if you have a response, 00:01:36.968 --> 00:01:41.167 we would love for you to type it in the "ask a question" box. 00:01:41.167 --> 00:01:42.901 If you want to ask a question of us, 00:01:42.901 --> 00:01:45.267 you can type that in there, as well, 00:01:45.267 --> 00:01:47.767 and we also have someone behind the scenes 00:01:47.767 --> 00:01:52.334 who's helping us with all of our technology inquiries. 00:01:52.334 --> 00:01:55.701 So if you're having any issues with your connection, 00:01:55.701 --> 00:01:58.434 you can type those into that box, as well, 00:01:58.434 --> 00:02:02.033 and she will assist you to the best of her abilities, 00:02:02.033 --> 00:02:04.934 but I can say the best way 00:02:04.934 --> 00:02:07.667 to have the GoToWebinar software run 00:02:07.667 --> 00:02:10.901 is to make sure that you have any extra windows 00:02:10.901 --> 00:02:13.334 on your computer closed out. 00:02:13.334 --> 00:02:15.367 And should you have issues -- 00:02:15.367 --> 00:02:18.567 I know everybody hates hearing this, 00:02:18.567 --> 00:02:20.901 it's like a broken record from IT departments -- 00:02:20.901 --> 00:02:23.400 but usually if you restart, 00:02:23.400 --> 00:02:26.033 turn your computer off or restart your computer 00:02:26.033 --> 00:02:30.300 or simply log out of the GoToWebinar app and log back in, 00:02:30.300 --> 00:02:33.400 that usually solves any issues that you may come across. 00:02:33.400 --> 00:02:35.100 But again, any questions, 00:02:35.100 --> 00:02:38.901 go ahead and type them into that "ask a question" box. 00:02:38.901 --> 00:02:43.801 And I didn't introduce today's guest here, 00:02:43.801 --> 00:02:46.267 but this is actually Rob Wallace, 00:02:46.267 --> 00:02:48.133 and he is our STEM specialist 00:02:48.133 --> 00:02:51.067 here at the National World War II Museum. 00:02:51.067 --> 00:02:55.167 He knows all things science and engineering and technology. 00:02:55.167 --> 00:02:56.734 Thank you for joining us today, Rob. 00:02:56.734 --> 00:02:58.400 -I'm really super excited to be here. 00:02:58.400 --> 00:02:59.934 -Yes, thanks, 00:02:59.934 --> 00:03:03.100 and we're really excited about combining these two topics -- 00:03:03.100 --> 00:03:04.801 the history, the social studies, 00:03:04.801 --> 00:03:09.667 and also that science that was used in World War II. 00:03:09.667 --> 00:03:11.400 But are you ready to get started? 00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:12.634 -Ready. -Okay. 00:03:12.634 --> 00:03:17.200 So we want to start first with this question 00:03:17.200 --> 00:03:22.367 that I'm going to throw up on your screens now. 00:03:22.367 --> 00:03:25.767 And I apologize. My computer is moving very slowly today. 00:03:25.767 --> 00:03:28.033 The question is, "What can we learn 00:03:28.033 --> 00:03:32.000 from how people solved problems in the past?" 00:03:32.000 --> 00:03:34.734 And, teachers, I would like for you 00:03:34.734 --> 00:03:37.934 to get answers from your students, 00:03:37.934 --> 00:03:39.601 and, again, you can go ahead 00:03:39.601 --> 00:03:42.901 and type these into that question box, 00:03:42.901 --> 00:03:45.501 because we would like to hear some of the responses 00:03:45.501 --> 00:03:48.334 and read some of them live, 00:03:48.334 --> 00:03:49.901 and right now it looks like 00:03:49.901 --> 00:03:53.667 we're having some responses come in to us. 00:03:53.667 --> 00:03:56.734 So let's go ahead and start taking a look at those. 00:03:56.734 --> 00:04:00.634 So, we have some eighth-grade students who said, 00:04:00.634 --> 00:04:03.534 "We can learn from people's mistakes." 00:04:03.534 --> 00:04:04.601 That's a really -- 00:04:04.601 --> 00:04:06.133 -Mistakes are a very important way 00:04:06.133 --> 00:04:08.467 that scientists and engineers learn. 00:04:08.467 --> 00:04:10.400 If you don't make mistakes, you don't learn. 00:04:10.400 --> 00:04:12.000 -Yes. I agree. 00:04:12.000 --> 00:04:14.601 We always learn from our mistakes. 00:04:14.601 --> 00:04:17.067 And, let's see, we have another class that said, 00:04:17.067 --> 00:04:21.868 "We can learn how technology has changed over time." 00:04:21.868 --> 00:04:23.400 And we're actually gonna talk 00:04:23.400 --> 00:04:26.934 about some changes of technology next. 00:04:26.934 --> 00:04:31.501 We have another group that is saying, 00:04:31.501 --> 00:04:34.234 "We can see how society has changed." 00:04:34.234 --> 00:04:36.467 That's a really great answer, 00:04:36.467 --> 00:04:39.133 because as societies change, 00:04:39.133 --> 00:04:43.801 so are the things that the societies are using. 00:04:43.801 --> 00:04:45.133 -Yeah. Their technologies tell you 00:04:45.133 --> 00:04:47.267 about the problems they were trying to solve. 00:04:47.267 --> 00:04:49.567 So by looking at their technologies, 00:04:49.567 --> 00:04:52.000 you can tell what kind of things they were trying to do. 00:04:52.000 --> 00:04:53.067 -Yeah. 00:04:53.067 --> 00:04:56.667 And let's see. We have another one. 00:04:56.667 --> 00:05:00.601 "We can evolve through engineering." 00:05:00.601 --> 00:05:02.767 That's a good answer. Yeah. 00:05:02.767 --> 00:05:05.000 And we have another one coming in that says, 00:05:05.000 --> 00:05:09.133 "We can see how people adapted to their environments." 00:05:09.133 --> 00:05:10.934 That's another really good one. 00:05:10.934 --> 00:05:12.167 These were great responses. 00:05:12.167 --> 00:05:15.400 Thank y'all so much for sending these in. 00:05:15.400 --> 00:05:18.767 The next slide I want to show you, 00:05:18.767 --> 00:05:23.734 these are actually some objects that may be familiar to you, 00:05:23.734 --> 00:05:26.634 because we know that we can learn so many things 00:05:26.634 --> 00:05:29.033 from how people solved problems in the past, 00:05:29.033 --> 00:05:31.767 but when we're talking about World War II, 00:05:31.767 --> 00:05:36.400 we can also see how people used scientific inquiry 00:05:36.400 --> 00:05:39.200 to make modifications to objects 00:05:39.200 --> 00:05:42.167 in order to make them useful for the war effort. 00:05:42.167 --> 00:05:45.400 And, Rob, what does that word "modification" actually mean? 00:05:45.400 --> 00:05:47.534 -It's when you take something and you test it, 00:05:47.534 --> 00:05:50.634 and then you change it based on the results of your testing. 00:05:50.634 --> 00:05:54.534 So that's how scientists and engineers, especially engineers, 00:05:54.534 --> 00:05:56.901 work through this circular process. 00:05:56.901 --> 00:05:57.901 You make something. 00:05:57.901 --> 00:06:00.267 You test it out, and you improve it. 00:06:00.267 --> 00:06:05.601 -And I've actually put three modification examples 00:06:05.601 --> 00:06:07.634 up on the screen here, 00:06:07.634 --> 00:06:11.000 and I chose these three things because I felt like 00:06:11.000 --> 00:06:13.601 they would be pretty familiar to students. 00:06:13.601 --> 00:06:15.934 So I want to start with the biggest one, 00:06:15.934 --> 00:06:18.901 the most colorful one there in the middle, 00:06:18.901 --> 00:06:22.067 and those are actually track shoes. 00:06:22.067 --> 00:06:25.334 And, Rob, can you tell us what the modification is here? 00:06:25.334 --> 00:06:28.367 -Yeah, that's a shoe from 1968. 00:06:28.367 --> 00:06:32.601 It was the first shoe that used Velcro as a closure, 00:06:32.601 --> 00:06:37.601 and they were used in the 1968 Olympics by American athletes. 00:06:37.601 --> 00:06:41.133 -And why was this modification so important or helpful? 00:06:41.133 --> 00:06:43.133 -Well, I mean, if you're a sprinter or a runner, 00:06:43.133 --> 00:06:46.501 you don't want to trip over your laces as they come undone. 00:06:46.501 --> 00:06:47.634 You know, they're doing -- 00:06:47.634 --> 00:06:49.133 You can see they've got spikes on them. 00:06:49.133 --> 00:06:51.467 Those are pretty intense shoes. 00:06:51.467 --> 00:06:53.567 So if you're doing a high jump 00:06:53.567 --> 00:06:55.501 or you're going over the hurdles, 00:06:55.501 --> 00:06:57.367 you know, you want your shoes on really tight. 00:06:57.367 --> 00:06:59.834 You want to be able to, maybe, change them fast. 00:06:59.834 --> 00:07:05.567 So the Velcro closures were an adaptation for those purposes. 00:07:05.567 --> 00:07:10.601 -And these shoes actually have a World War II connection. 00:07:10.601 --> 00:07:13.534 These are actually made by the Puma company, 00:07:13.534 --> 00:07:17.300 which is a German company. 00:07:17.300 --> 00:07:21.901 There were two brothers who owned a shoe company in Germany, 00:07:21.901 --> 00:07:25.234 and not that long after the war ended, 00:07:25.234 --> 00:07:27.033 they actually had some infighting, 00:07:27.033 --> 00:07:30.634 and they split up into two separate companies. 00:07:30.634 --> 00:07:35.701 So Puma and another one y'all may be familiar with -- Adidas. 00:07:35.701 --> 00:07:38.000 Okay. Let's take a look at the object 00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:41.033 on the right-hand side of these shoes, 00:07:41.033 --> 00:07:43.567 and that is a ballpoint pen. 00:07:43.567 --> 00:07:46.300 So, Rob, can you talk to us about the modification here? 00:07:46.300 --> 00:07:49.133 -So back at that time, they called that a Biro pen. 00:07:49.133 --> 00:07:52.067 It was a ballpoint pen, and they called it a Biro pen because, 00:07:52.067 --> 00:07:55.934 during World War II, a Hungarian guy named Biro 00:07:55.934 --> 00:07:58.033 figured out how to make a ballpoint pen. 00:07:58.033 --> 00:08:03.667 Now, the oldest pens were reeds that the Egyptians put ink in 00:08:03.667 --> 00:08:05.133 and wrote on papyrus, 00:08:05.133 --> 00:08:08.200 and in later years, people used pens 00:08:08.200 --> 00:08:09.667 like you see in "Harry Potter." 00:08:09.667 --> 00:08:13.133 They used a quill, but you have to dip it in the ink, right? 00:08:13.133 --> 00:08:14.734 And then they made steel pens 00:08:14.734 --> 00:08:17.234 also that you had to dip in the ink. 00:08:17.234 --> 00:08:20.334 They made a modification to that called a fountain pen, 00:08:20.334 --> 00:08:24.667 where you still had that little nib of a pen, 00:08:24.667 --> 00:08:26.701 but you carried the ink along with you. 00:08:26.701 --> 00:08:28.467 That was called a fountain pen, 00:08:28.467 --> 00:08:30.901 but those have a habit of blowing up in your pocket 00:08:30.901 --> 00:08:35.267 and making a big mess, ruining your shirts and your pants. 00:08:35.267 --> 00:08:36.968 So that was big problem. 00:08:36.968 --> 00:08:39.968 So the ballpoint pen is all enclosed. 00:08:39.968 --> 00:08:44.834 There's no leakage, and so it was really a big innovation. 00:08:44.834 --> 00:08:47.667 If you're in an airplane and you're a pilot 00:08:47.667 --> 00:08:51.868 and you've got to add notes to a map, you know, 00:08:51.868 --> 00:08:56.400 you can't be dipping your pen in ink, you know? 00:08:56.400 --> 00:08:59.868 So it was a big innovation for World War II. 00:08:59.868 --> 00:09:02.501 Now, of course, today there are all these fancy pens 00:09:02.501 --> 00:09:03.934 that we use, but they're pretty much 00:09:03.934 --> 00:09:07.567 all just different versions of ballpoint pens. 00:09:07.567 --> 00:09:09.601 -And I have to say, I am biased. 00:09:09.601 --> 00:09:12.434 I think that this is the most important one 00:09:12.434 --> 00:09:14.767 that we have up on the screen for my life 00:09:14.767 --> 00:09:17.534 because y'all can't see my desk right now, 00:09:17.534 --> 00:09:22.033 but I probably have about 30 pens all over the place. 00:09:22.033 --> 00:09:23.501 Rob can see them. I love pens. 00:09:23.501 --> 00:09:24.767 -I'm a pen-obsessed person, too. 00:09:24.767 --> 00:09:26.634 -I am a pen collector. 00:09:26.634 --> 00:09:29.200 All right, let's take a look at the last object 00:09:29.200 --> 00:09:33.334 that I know all of you students are very familiar with, 00:09:33.334 --> 00:09:35.734 and this is a smartphone. 00:09:35.734 --> 00:09:38.567 Rob, can you tell us what the modification is here? 00:09:38.567 --> 00:09:40.968 -Well, it's in a long line of modifications. 00:09:40.968 --> 00:09:44.467 I mean, the first iPhone was amazing, you know? 00:09:44.467 --> 00:09:48.868 And I have an iPhone 8 now, and people complain 00:09:48.868 --> 00:09:52.767 that it's not different enough to be cool, 00:09:52.767 --> 00:09:55.501 but, you know, you think about, like, how much that has changed. 00:09:55.501 --> 00:09:57.934 And so the first iPhone was really just an iPod, 00:09:57.934 --> 00:09:59.934 a music player, 00:09:59.934 --> 00:10:02.067 and a phone stuck together, 00:10:02.067 --> 00:10:03.501 but if you go all the way back, 00:10:03.501 --> 00:10:05.267 if you guys have seen an old, old movie -- 00:10:05.267 --> 00:10:07.200 I'm not talking old like I was a kid. 00:10:07.200 --> 00:10:09.801 I'm talking old like it was old to me. 00:10:09.801 --> 00:10:11.801 You know, you see those phones where you talk into it 00:10:11.801 --> 00:10:14.434 and you go chka-chka-chka, hang the thing up, you know? 00:10:14.434 --> 00:10:17.400 And you have to ask the operator to call the number for you, 00:10:17.400 --> 00:10:19.634 and then later we dial with the rotary, 00:10:19.634 --> 00:10:22.567 and then there's the cordless phones at home 00:10:22.567 --> 00:10:24.968 and, you know, flip phones. 00:10:24.968 --> 00:10:26.801 So the first cellphones, 00:10:26.801 --> 00:10:28.667 you know, in the cars, they were huge. 00:10:28.667 --> 00:10:33.100 So there's been a constant string of modifications, 00:10:33.100 --> 00:10:36.667 and every time, you know, we build one better, 00:10:36.667 --> 00:10:38.667 but the thing is, it's like we think about innovation 00:10:38.667 --> 00:10:41.200 as a brand-new, 00:10:41.200 --> 00:10:43.601 came-from-nowhere sort of thing, and it's not, really. 00:10:43.601 --> 00:10:46.701 It's usually something that we've modified. 00:10:46.701 --> 00:10:48.033 -And another really great thing 00:10:48.033 --> 00:10:50.667 about the smartphone modification 00:10:50.667 --> 00:10:53.834 is that now it's not just a phone. 00:10:53.834 --> 00:10:58.200 Now it's like having a computer in your purse 00:10:58.200 --> 00:10:59.534 or in your pocket. 00:10:59.534 --> 00:11:01.634 -Yeah, before, a lot of people don't remember this 00:11:01.634 --> 00:11:03.968 'cause they're not old like me, 00:11:03.968 --> 00:11:06.400 but there used to be a thing called the PalmPilot, 00:11:06.400 --> 00:11:08.100 and it didn't have a phone in it, 00:11:08.100 --> 00:11:09.667 but it did all of that other stuff. 00:11:09.667 --> 00:11:13.100 It had maps in it and it organized everything for you. 00:11:13.100 --> 00:11:16.667 It had your calendar, but it didn't have a phone. 00:11:16.667 --> 00:11:18.100 -Thank you, Rob. 00:11:18.100 --> 00:11:22.267 So now that we've kind of discussed what modification is 00:11:22.267 --> 00:11:24.934 and we've looked at some examples 00:11:24.934 --> 00:11:28.367 that we're familiar with when it comes to modification, 00:11:28.367 --> 00:11:31.234 I want to move on to the three A's 00:11:31.234 --> 00:11:33.133 that we're gonna be discussing today, 00:11:33.133 --> 00:11:34.434 because we're gonna be focusing 00:11:34.434 --> 00:11:37.901 on three different types of modification 00:11:37.901 --> 00:11:40.367 that were used during World War II, 00:11:40.367 --> 00:11:42.634 and the first one is "adopt." 00:11:42.634 --> 00:11:45.634 Rob, can you tell us what adopt means? 00:11:45.634 --> 00:11:48.234 -Yeah, adopt means that you take something 00:11:48.234 --> 00:11:51.067 that was made for one purpose and you use it for another. 00:11:51.067 --> 00:11:52.601 So in this case, with World War II, 00:11:52.601 --> 00:11:55.667 we're talking about civilian technologies, 00:11:55.667 --> 00:11:58.501 things that people used in the regular world 00:11:58.501 --> 00:12:02.868 that were adapted for military use, adopted for military use. 00:12:02.868 --> 00:12:06.234 -And so to summarize that, when we adopt something, 00:12:06.234 --> 00:12:10.334 we're just modifying the use of an object. 00:12:10.334 --> 00:12:13.033 So we're taking something that has a use, right, 00:12:13.033 --> 00:12:14.701 and we're just kind of using it for something else. 00:12:14.701 --> 00:12:15.934 -Using it in a different way, yeah. 00:12:15.934 --> 00:12:21.434 -Okay. So our next "A" is going to be "adapt." 00:12:21.434 --> 00:12:22.834 -Adapt. -Tell us more about adapt. 00:12:22.834 --> 00:12:25.801 -So adapt is when you're making more changes to it. 00:12:25.801 --> 00:12:29.501 So you have an idea 00:12:29.501 --> 00:12:31.601 or you have something that you start with, 00:12:31.601 --> 00:12:33.434 but then you change it quite a bit. 00:12:33.434 --> 00:12:36.667 You change it up so that it fits your purpose better. 00:12:36.667 --> 00:12:40.133 -So when we adapt something, we're taking an object. 00:12:40.133 --> 00:12:43.067 We're making modifications to its design 00:12:43.067 --> 00:12:45.667 so that it's useful for another purpose. 00:12:45.667 --> 00:12:48.100 -Right. -Okay, and then our last "A," 00:12:48.100 --> 00:12:49.634 our third "A," is "apply." 00:12:49.634 --> 00:12:51.033 Tell us more about that one. 00:12:51.033 --> 00:12:53.467 -So that's when we take knowledge that we've gained 00:12:53.467 --> 00:12:55.734 by doing some basic research 00:12:55.734 --> 00:13:00.367 and we make something useful from it. 00:13:00.367 --> 00:13:01.767 So we learn something, 00:13:01.767 --> 00:13:04.234 and then we use what we learned to make something. 00:13:04.234 --> 00:13:08.200 -So when we apply, we're applying what we know 00:13:08.200 --> 00:13:11.868 to make an object even more useful than it already is. 00:13:11.868 --> 00:13:14.601 -Right, and these aren't mutually exclusive, 00:13:14.601 --> 00:13:17.033 that, you know, a lot of things are gonna be blurred 00:13:17.033 --> 00:13:21.200 in between the two or parts of two or more of these. 00:13:21.200 --> 00:13:23.100 -And, Rob, we have a really good question 00:13:23.100 --> 00:13:25.300 that came in from Kelly. 00:13:25.300 --> 00:13:26.534 Kelly wants to know, 00:13:26.534 --> 00:13:29.200 "Since they didn't have smartphones back then, 00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:30.767 what did they use?" 00:13:30.767 --> 00:13:32.601 -Well, that was one of the biggest changes 00:13:32.601 --> 00:13:34.267 from World War I to World War II. 00:13:34.267 --> 00:13:36.701 In World War I, if they wanted to send a message, 00:13:36.701 --> 00:13:39.133 they actually used pigeons or something, 00:13:39.133 --> 00:13:42.200 you know, or a guy on a horse. 00:13:42.200 --> 00:13:46.267 And in World War II, they had radios that were reliable, 00:13:46.267 --> 00:13:47.734 but they were really big. 00:13:47.734 --> 00:13:52.701 I mean, a radio back then was the size of a generator today. 00:13:52.701 --> 00:13:55.334 Or they also had phones that they could use 00:13:55.334 --> 00:13:57.167 within a short range. 00:13:57.167 --> 00:13:59.767 They could have a -- make a little phone network 00:13:59.767 --> 00:14:01.534 that would go about 7 miles, 00:14:01.534 --> 00:14:03.667 but they had to have actual wires 00:14:03.667 --> 00:14:05.000 going from one phone to the other, 00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:06.601 but other than that, it was radio. 00:14:06.601 --> 00:14:08.434 -And before we move on, we have another 00:14:08.434 --> 00:14:13.167 really good question about the ballpoint pens. 00:14:13.167 --> 00:14:15.968 Vanessa wants to know if the ballpoint pens 00:14:15.968 --> 00:14:18.467 that the soldiers were using to write letters home, 00:14:18.467 --> 00:14:21.567 if the ink was waterproof. 00:14:21.567 --> 00:14:24.234 -Yes, so, it was. And they actually used -- 00:14:24.234 --> 00:14:26.234 You know, it's a whole other topic, 00:14:26.234 --> 00:14:27.667 but you can get into V-Mail, 00:14:27.667 --> 00:14:30.968 where the soldiers would write the letters, 00:14:30.968 --> 00:14:32.834 and then we would take photographs of it 00:14:32.834 --> 00:14:35.467 and shrink it down onto film really small 00:14:35.467 --> 00:14:38.868 and send that overseas 'cause it took a lot less energy 00:14:38.868 --> 00:14:42.434 to send that film overseas and make a new letter 00:14:42.434 --> 00:14:44.567 than to send the whole letter overseas. 00:14:44.567 --> 00:14:46.000 -Thank you. All right. 00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:49.000 So we just talked about the three A's, 00:14:49.000 --> 00:14:50.868 adopt, adapt, and apply, 00:14:50.868 --> 00:14:53.534 and what we are going to do with those three A's 00:14:53.534 --> 00:14:55.033 is we're gonna take a trip 00:14:55.033 --> 00:14:58.033 into some of the exhibits here at the museum 00:14:58.033 --> 00:15:00.601 and we're gonna look at some of our macro artifacts, 00:15:00.601 --> 00:15:04.400 and macro artifacts are big artifacts, 00:15:04.400 --> 00:15:06.601 those huge things, okay? 00:15:06.601 --> 00:15:10.234 And we're gonna look at how World War II innovators 00:15:10.234 --> 00:15:15.567 used these three A's to achieve victory for the Allied powers, 00:15:15.567 --> 00:15:18.300 and these three artifacts that we're gonna be looking at, 00:15:18.300 --> 00:15:21.267 they actually represent some of the best innovations 00:15:21.267 --> 00:15:25.801 for use on the land, in the sea, and also in the air. 00:15:25.801 --> 00:15:29.367 And I want y'all to take a look at these three artifacts 00:15:29.367 --> 00:15:32.667 and be thinking about which of the three A's 00:15:32.667 --> 00:15:34.934 you think applies to each, 00:15:34.934 --> 00:15:36.567 and you can go ahead 00:15:36.567 --> 00:15:39.868 and type those responses into the question box, 00:15:39.868 --> 00:15:42.033 and we'll be looking at them 00:15:42.033 --> 00:15:45.534 while we're going through the next couple of segments, okay? 00:15:45.534 --> 00:15:52.234 But we're gonna get started with this macro artifact here. 00:15:52.234 --> 00:15:54.200 And we are actually going to go 00:15:54.200 --> 00:15:56.901 into the Louisiana Memorial Pavilion 00:15:56.901 --> 00:16:00.534 to learn a little bit more about it. 00:16:00.534 --> 00:16:02.467 -Hey, guys, we're back in the museum 00:16:02.467 --> 00:16:05.067 in the Louisiana Memorial Pavilion. 00:16:05.067 --> 00:16:08.300 Behind me is the C-47 Skytrain. 00:16:08.300 --> 00:16:10.601 Now, this plane is actually pretty similar 00:16:10.601 --> 00:16:13.534 to the commercial aircraft the DC-3. 00:16:13.534 --> 00:16:15.734 The major additions were a cargo door, 00:16:15.734 --> 00:16:18.968 strengthened floor, and hooks to pull gliders. 00:16:18.968 --> 00:16:20.067 They were used during the war 00:16:20.067 --> 00:16:22.367 for transport of troops and cargo. 00:16:22.367 --> 00:16:26.167 About 10,000 were made by Douglas Aircraft during the war. 00:16:26.167 --> 00:16:30.267 They typically had a crew of four and could carry 27 others. 00:16:30.267 --> 00:16:33.868 This very aircraft flew paratroopers to France 00:16:33.868 --> 00:16:36.501 on and just after D-Day. 00:16:36.501 --> 00:16:40.567 C-47s delivered around 50,000 paratroopers 00:16:40.567 --> 00:16:42.567 for the invasion of Normandy. 00:16:42.567 --> 00:16:44.934 It also pulled the gliders that were very important 00:16:44.934 --> 00:16:47.267 on D-Day and other actions. 00:16:47.267 --> 00:16:50.067 The C-47 was powered by two of the famous 00:16:50.067 --> 00:16:53.000 Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp engines. 00:16:53.000 --> 00:16:56.033 These radial engines have 14 cylinders 00:16:56.033 --> 00:16:58.367 with 1,200 horsepower each. 00:16:58.367 --> 00:17:03.200 The plane had a cruising speed of 160 miles per hour, 00:17:03.200 --> 00:17:05.734 could fly at 26,000 feet 00:17:05.734 --> 00:17:09.868 and go as far as 1,600 miles before refueling. 00:17:09.868 --> 00:17:12.934 Like almost all other World War II aircraft, 00:17:12.934 --> 00:17:15.200 it didn't have a pressurized cabin. 00:17:15.200 --> 00:17:17.801 So it was very cold on board, 00:17:17.801 --> 00:17:22.167 and the crew and passengers had to use oxygen masks. 00:17:22.167 --> 00:17:23.367 -Okay, everyone. 00:17:23.367 --> 00:17:26.868 So we're back, and we just took a look at -- 00:17:26.868 --> 00:17:32.534 Chrissy was telling us about that C-47 aircraft, okay? 00:17:32.534 --> 00:17:36.100 And that C-47 aircraft, as she told us, 00:17:36.100 --> 00:17:40.968 was a modified version of a commercial plane, 00:17:40.968 --> 00:17:43.701 and when we're talking about -- Oop. 00:17:43.701 --> 00:17:45.367 Looks like my screen is not sharing. 00:17:45.367 --> 00:17:47.334 Let me pull that back up. Okay. 00:17:47.334 --> 00:17:51.133 When we're talking about a commercial aircraft, 00:17:51.133 --> 00:17:53.067 we're talking about those planes 00:17:53.067 --> 00:17:58.300 that were used to transport average citizens just like us. 00:17:58.300 --> 00:18:01.100 So think about whenever you go to the airport 00:18:01.100 --> 00:18:04.200 with your families and you're going on a trip. 00:18:04.200 --> 00:18:06.434 That's a commercial aircraft, 00:18:06.434 --> 00:18:08.667 but what you're seeing in this picture here, 00:18:08.667 --> 00:18:11.200 this is actually one of the commercial aircraft 00:18:11.200 --> 00:18:14.801 that the C-47 was a modified version of. 00:18:14.801 --> 00:18:17.467 This is that Douglas DC-3, 00:18:17.467 --> 00:18:19.934 and in this picture, we actually see 00:18:19.934 --> 00:18:24.734 that it's being used in a war film in 1943, 00:18:24.734 --> 00:18:27.868 so while the war was actually going on. 00:18:27.868 --> 00:18:30.734 And, Rob, can you discuss how this plane 00:18:30.734 --> 00:18:32.934 was actually modified? 00:18:32.934 --> 00:18:35.067 -There was very little that was changed about it. 00:18:35.067 --> 00:18:37.133 They changed the seating inside 00:18:37.133 --> 00:18:40.601 so that it could accommodate paratroopers 00:18:40.601 --> 00:18:42.834 lined up along the two walls. 00:18:42.834 --> 00:18:46.200 They changed the door so that it was a cargo door 00:18:46.200 --> 00:18:48.467 instead of a swinging door like that, 00:18:48.467 --> 00:18:51.601 and they put a hook at the back of it 00:18:51.601 --> 00:18:53.100 so that it could pull gliders, 00:18:53.100 --> 00:18:56.467 but other than that, it really didn't change very much at all. 00:18:56.467 --> 00:18:58.400 They pretty much just used the same plane 00:18:58.400 --> 00:18:59.934 for a different purpose. 00:18:59.934 --> 00:19:04.100 -And this plane is very important. 00:19:04.100 --> 00:19:07.467 These planes are most well-known, probably, 00:19:07.467 --> 00:19:11.968 for being used in the D-Day invasion of Normandy. 00:19:11.968 --> 00:19:13.701 -You come in the museum, 00:19:13.701 --> 00:19:15.567 this is the first thing you see, pretty much, 00:19:15.567 --> 00:19:16.868 when you come in the museum. 00:19:16.868 --> 00:19:19.534 -So let's take a look at some of the people 00:19:19.534 --> 00:19:23.133 who were actually on these planes. 00:19:23.133 --> 00:19:27.767 So we actually had two American paratrooper groups 00:19:27.767 --> 00:19:32.033 that were involved in the D-Day invasion of Normandy, 00:19:32.033 --> 00:19:36.868 and their job was to parachute behind German lines 00:19:36.868 --> 00:19:42.734 between midnight and about 3:00 a.m. on June 6th of 1944, 00:19:42.734 --> 00:19:44.567 and they were instructed 00:19:44.567 --> 00:19:47.601 to attempt to take roads and bridges 00:19:47.601 --> 00:19:50.167 so that when the beach invasion started, 00:19:50.167 --> 00:19:52.968 the Germans couldn't send out any reinforcements. 00:19:52.968 --> 00:19:55.067 And one of those two American groups 00:19:55.067 --> 00:19:57.767 was the 82nd Airborne Division, 00:19:57.767 --> 00:20:00.534 and you can see that they're actually all standing 00:20:00.534 --> 00:20:03.100 in front of a C-47. 00:20:03.100 --> 00:20:04.367 And this isn't all of them. 00:20:04.367 --> 00:20:07.400 This is just a very small group of them 00:20:07.400 --> 00:20:09.734 because these planes, I mean, they're only so big. 00:20:09.734 --> 00:20:12.000 They can only hold so many people. 00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:14.100 -They held about 26 people. 00:20:14.100 --> 00:20:18.200 -And let's take a look at the other American paratrooper group 00:20:18.200 --> 00:20:21.701 that was out there, the 101st Airborne Division, 00:20:21.701 --> 00:20:24.434 and in this photo, we're seeing that 00:20:24.434 --> 00:20:28.567 they are actually sitting inside of that C-47, 00:20:28.567 --> 00:20:30.767 and you talked about that modification that was -- 00:20:30.767 --> 00:20:32.100 -They're sitting on the side, so it's -- 00:20:32.100 --> 00:20:35.167 If you've got a 90-pound pack and a parachute, 00:20:35.167 --> 00:20:37.067 you can't really sit in chairs like that. 00:20:37.067 --> 00:20:38.601 So they put them like this. 00:20:38.601 --> 00:20:41.501 -So in the question box, 00:20:41.501 --> 00:20:47.033 I would like for y'all to type in how many of these C-47 planes 00:20:47.033 --> 00:20:51.300 you think were actually used in the D-Day invasion of Normandy, 00:20:51.300 --> 00:20:54.200 and I'll give you a little bit of background information. 00:20:54.200 --> 00:20:59.534 So all in all, there were over 13,000 American paratroopers 00:20:59.534 --> 00:21:02.934 who were dropped in to Normandy early morning 00:21:02.934 --> 00:21:06.400 on June 6th of 1944. 00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:11.200 So how many aircraft do you think were needed? 00:21:11.200 --> 00:21:13.167 I'll give you a second here, 00:21:13.167 --> 00:21:16.701 and then, Rob, can you go ahead and reveal the answer? 00:21:16.701 --> 00:21:19.400 How many of these C-47s were actually used? 00:21:19.400 --> 00:21:21.734 -These, over 1,000 of them. 00:21:21.734 --> 00:21:25.534 So it seems like, if you do the math, they wouldn't need 1,000, 00:21:25.534 --> 00:21:28.534 but remember that they had to drop all these guys 00:21:28.534 --> 00:21:29.868 just in three hours, 00:21:29.868 --> 00:21:32.267 and it took them a long time to fly back to England, 00:21:32.267 --> 00:21:36.767 but also, some of them were using -- 00:21:36.767 --> 00:21:40.968 were pulling the gliders that dropped supplies 00:21:40.968 --> 00:21:44.367 and Jeeps and big guns behind them, too. 00:21:44.367 --> 00:21:46.567 So they used over 1,000 of these planes 00:21:46.567 --> 00:21:48.000 just on that one day. 00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:50.067 -So explain to us 00:21:50.067 --> 00:21:52.367 why modification was so important 00:21:52.367 --> 00:21:54.601 when we need over 1,000 planes. 00:21:54.601 --> 00:21:56.300 -Well, I mean, in this case 00:21:56.300 --> 00:21:58.367 we needed to make a lot really fast, 00:21:58.367 --> 00:22:00.968 and so making it perfect, 00:22:00.968 --> 00:22:04.367 making a lot of changes to it, starting from the ground up, 00:22:04.367 --> 00:22:05.767 that would take a lot of time. 00:22:05.767 --> 00:22:07.968 So, instead, finding a plane 00:22:07.968 --> 00:22:10.634 that's really pretty much what you need 00:22:10.634 --> 00:22:12.634 and making a couple tweaks to it -- 00:22:12.634 --> 00:22:15.634 That's a lot faster and easier. 00:22:15.634 --> 00:22:19.067 -And the next image that I'm going to share with you all, 00:22:19.067 --> 00:22:23.334 this is actually what all of these paratroopers dropping... 00:22:23.334 --> 00:22:25.267 -That's a lot of parachutes. -...on D-Day 00:22:25.267 --> 00:22:26.701 would have actually looked like, 00:22:26.701 --> 00:22:29.300 and this is obviously not a D-Day picture 00:22:29.300 --> 00:22:32.767 because those drops were made when it was dark outside, 00:22:32.767 --> 00:22:34.767 but this is a really great example 00:22:34.767 --> 00:22:36.701 of what people would have seen 00:22:36.701 --> 00:22:38.767 if they looked up into the sky that night. 00:22:38.767 --> 00:22:41.801 And if you look up at the top of this picture here, 00:22:41.801 --> 00:22:45.901 you can actually see the silhouette of planes flying out. 00:22:45.901 --> 00:22:48.100 And in the D-Day invasion of Normandy, 00:22:48.100 --> 00:22:50.834 those planes were gonna have to fly out 00:22:50.834 --> 00:22:52.701 and head back to the airfield 00:22:52.701 --> 00:22:54.667 to collect even more paratroopers. 00:22:54.667 --> 00:22:56.667 -Yeah, they picked guys up in England 00:22:56.667 --> 00:22:58.467 and flew across the Channel and dropped them off 00:22:58.467 --> 00:23:00.400 and then had to go back. 00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:03.400 -All right, so now that we have discussed 00:23:03.400 --> 00:23:06.601 the C-47 and the modifications, 00:23:06.601 --> 00:23:09.701 we need to figure out which of the three A's 00:23:09.701 --> 00:23:11.467 we think applies here, 00:23:11.467 --> 00:23:13.434 and I'm gonna go back over what these mean. 00:23:13.434 --> 00:23:17.934 So adopt is when we are modifying the use of an object, 00:23:17.934 --> 00:23:20.701 and y'all can be typing in which one you think it is 00:23:20.701 --> 00:23:22.467 into the box while I discuss these, 00:23:22.467 --> 00:23:24.267 but when we adopt something, 00:23:24.267 --> 00:23:26.667 we're taking something that already has a use, right, 00:23:26.667 --> 00:23:28.667 and we're just using it for another purpose. 00:23:28.667 --> 00:23:31.167 -Right. -Adapt. 00:23:31.167 --> 00:23:34.868 When we adapt something, we're taking an object, 00:23:34.868 --> 00:23:38.067 we're making some modifications to its design, 00:23:38.067 --> 00:23:41.901 and we're making it useful for another purpose. 00:23:41.901 --> 00:23:44.100 And apply. 00:23:44.100 --> 00:23:47.434 When we apply, we're applying what we know 00:23:47.434 --> 00:23:52.634 to make an object even more useful than it already is, 00:23:52.634 --> 00:23:57.267 and I'm seeing some "adopts" coming in. 00:23:57.267 --> 00:24:01.601 Let's see, "adapt," and then "apply" just came in. 00:24:01.601 --> 00:24:04.534 Rob, can you reveal the answer to us? 00:24:04.534 --> 00:24:06.701 -I could see where adapt is coming from, 00:24:06.701 --> 00:24:08.367 but I would say adopt 00:24:08.367 --> 00:24:10.200 because there is very little change 00:24:10.200 --> 00:24:11.634 to the commercial aircraft. 00:24:11.634 --> 00:24:15.033 It's pretty much just the DC-3 with a paint job 00:24:15.033 --> 00:24:16.100 and some different seats. 00:24:16.100 --> 00:24:17.534 -Okay. -So, pretty much, 00:24:17.534 --> 00:24:20.033 we just used a commercial plane for another purpose. 00:24:20.033 --> 00:24:21.133 -Okay. All right. 00:24:21.133 --> 00:24:23.200 So we're going with adopt. 00:24:23.200 --> 00:24:28.167 We are using a commercial plane for a military purpose now, 00:24:28.167 --> 00:24:30.868 but I think we can definitely make an argument 00:24:30.868 --> 00:24:32.667 for the other ones, like you said. 00:24:32.667 --> 00:24:36.100 -Because you did some -- You made some adaptations. 00:24:36.100 --> 00:24:38.000 You changed the seats. 00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:42.367 You changed the door, but mostly -- 00:24:42.367 --> 00:24:44.834 I mean, like I said, they aren't mutually exclusive. 00:24:44.834 --> 00:24:47.901 But it's primarily just taking a commercial plane, 00:24:47.901 --> 00:24:49.000 and that's one of the reasons 00:24:49.000 --> 00:24:51.701 why we can make these changes so quickly. 00:24:51.701 --> 00:24:56.667 -All right, so we have discussed our first macro artifact, 00:24:56.667 --> 00:24:58.300 the C-47. 00:24:58.300 --> 00:25:01.901 Let's move on to our next macro artifact. 00:25:01.901 --> 00:25:04.734 This is our second artifact of the day, 00:25:04.734 --> 00:25:06.767 and I'm not gonna reveal what it is 00:25:06.767 --> 00:25:08.534 'cause we're gonna have Chrissy 00:25:08.534 --> 00:25:11.734 in the John E. Kushner Restoration Pavilion 00:25:11.734 --> 00:25:15.467 STEM and Innovation Gallery explain that to us. 00:25:15.467 --> 00:25:19.434 What a mouthful there with that name. 00:25:19.434 --> 00:25:20.701 -Hey, guys. 00:25:20.701 --> 00:25:22.634 We're back in the STEM Innovation Gallery, 00:25:22.634 --> 00:25:24.534 and I'm standing by -- Well, you guessed it. 00:25:24.534 --> 00:25:26.801 This is a World War II ambulance. 00:25:26.801 --> 00:25:30.267 This was actually based on a Dodge truck, 00:25:30.267 --> 00:25:33.133 and it could fit a driver, of course, a medic, 00:25:33.133 --> 00:25:35.133 and up to seven patients. 00:25:35.133 --> 00:25:38.300 It had a six-cylinder engine, four-wheel drive, 00:25:38.300 --> 00:25:40.300 and a four-speed transmission. 00:25:40.300 --> 00:25:46.467 About 23,000 of these ambulances were made between 1942 and 1945. 00:25:46.467 --> 00:25:49.167 Many were given to Allied militaries for use. 00:25:49.167 --> 00:25:50.734 One thing that made this vehicle different 00:25:50.734 --> 00:25:52.934 from all other World War II vehicles -- 00:25:52.934 --> 00:25:54.234 It had a heater. 00:25:54.234 --> 00:25:55.567 During the 1930s, 00:25:55.567 --> 00:25:58.634 medical scientists learned a lot about shock and trauma. 00:25:58.634 --> 00:26:01.901 One of the things they learned was that patients in shock 00:26:01.901 --> 00:26:03.868 needed to be kept warm. 00:26:03.868 --> 00:26:07.467 That's why the ambulance has a heater and insulated sidewalls. 00:26:07.467 --> 00:26:09.067 Other things medical scientists developed 00:26:09.067 --> 00:26:10.734 in the years leading up to World War II 00:26:10.734 --> 00:26:13.901 were antibiotics and freeze-dried blood plasma. 00:26:13.901 --> 00:26:15.200 Medics on these ambulances 00:26:15.200 --> 00:26:17.834 carried sulfa powder to fight infections 00:26:17.834 --> 00:26:19.334 and freeze-dried plasma 00:26:19.334 --> 00:26:22.868 that they can mix with bottles of sterile water to make I.V.s. 00:26:22.868 --> 00:26:24.133 Toward the end of the war, 00:26:24.133 --> 00:26:26.634 patients could also be treated with penicillin. 00:26:26.634 --> 00:26:29.133 -The PowerPoint back up here for you. 00:26:29.133 --> 00:26:33.934 So you can actually see an example of the Dodge truck 00:26:33.934 --> 00:26:36.667 that this was actually modified from. 00:26:36.667 --> 00:26:40.367 So we see that this is a civilian series 00:26:40.367 --> 00:26:45.067 Dodge truck here from the 1940s, 00:26:45.067 --> 00:26:49.501 and Dodge was really the biggest manufacturer 00:26:49.501 --> 00:26:51.534 of those ambulances, right? 00:26:51.534 --> 00:26:54.200 -Yeah. They were the only ones that made the ambulances. 00:26:54.200 --> 00:26:57.000 -And we see that a lot of companies 00:26:57.000 --> 00:26:59.100 during the World War II years, 00:26:59.100 --> 00:27:03.067 they kind of halted what we call peacetime production, 00:27:03.067 --> 00:27:05.601 which is the things that they were producing 00:27:05.601 --> 00:27:07.200 while we weren't at war, 00:27:07.200 --> 00:27:08.300 and they started making thing 00:27:08.300 --> 00:27:09.701 specifically for the war effort, right? 00:27:09.701 --> 00:27:13.300 -If you wanted a new car in 1942, you were out of luck. 00:27:13.300 --> 00:27:15.167 They didn't make them anymore. 00:27:15.167 --> 00:27:18.000 -So talk to us about the modifications 00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:23.534 that were made to this vehicle to get it to that ambulance. 00:27:23.534 --> 00:27:26.267 -So the main thing is, is that it was a panel truck. 00:27:26.267 --> 00:27:29.067 So it had the whole back closed in, 00:27:29.067 --> 00:27:31.234 and then, really importantly, 00:27:31.234 --> 00:27:34.400 they added a heater and insulated sidewalls 00:27:34.400 --> 00:27:39.033 so that it would stay warm in the back of that ambulance. 00:27:39.033 --> 00:27:42.067 Now, in the 1930s, they had figured out 00:27:42.067 --> 00:27:47.601 that when somebody's hurt really badly from trauma, 00:27:47.601 --> 00:27:50.601 they are going into shock, and what we need to do to treat them 00:27:50.601 --> 00:27:55.100 is we need to keep them warm, and we need to give them -- 00:27:55.100 --> 00:27:56.901 replace the blood that they've lost, 00:27:56.901 --> 00:27:59.267 because what happens is they've lost blood 00:27:59.267 --> 00:28:02.767 and so all their circulation stays in the core of their body. 00:28:02.767 --> 00:28:06.167 They get really cold, and they have really low blood pressure. 00:28:06.167 --> 00:28:10.133 So, by keeping them warm and by replacing the blood fluids, 00:28:10.133 --> 00:28:12.267 we can help them out. 00:28:12.267 --> 00:28:17.801 -So you talked about replacing blood fluids, 00:28:17.801 --> 00:28:21.634 and that's actually what we see happening in the next image 00:28:21.634 --> 00:28:25.834 that I'm gonna pull up on the screen here. 00:28:25.834 --> 00:28:28.868 So what's actually happening in this image here? 00:28:28.868 --> 00:28:32.267 -So he's actually giving him plasma, blood plasma. 00:28:32.267 --> 00:28:33.667 So there's a lot of problems 00:28:33.667 --> 00:28:37.767 with using blood in the battlefield. 00:28:37.767 --> 00:28:39.901 One is that blood has to be typed, 00:28:39.901 --> 00:28:42.200 so you have to know the soldier's type, 00:28:42.200 --> 00:28:44.434 and you need to know the type of blood 00:28:44.434 --> 00:28:45.734 and you need to have a whole bunch 00:28:45.734 --> 00:28:47.300 of different kinds of types of blood 00:28:47.300 --> 00:28:49.267 to make sure that you have a match, 00:28:49.267 --> 00:28:51.767 and then blood has to be refrigerated 00:28:51.767 --> 00:28:53.834 to be kept preserved, 00:28:53.834 --> 00:28:55.400 and then you have to warm it up 00:28:55.400 --> 00:28:57.501 because you can't give it to them refrigerated. 00:28:57.501 --> 00:28:59.400 So that's just a big pain. 00:28:59.400 --> 00:29:01.701 Now, they discovered in the 1930s 00:29:01.701 --> 00:29:05.567 that you could give somebody plasma, 00:29:05.567 --> 00:29:09.734 and so if you spin blood down 00:29:09.734 --> 00:29:11.767 so that all the blood's on the bottom, 00:29:11.767 --> 00:29:13.167 the top liquid, 00:29:13.167 --> 00:29:17.000 the clear, kind of yellowish liquid at the top is plasma. 00:29:17.000 --> 00:29:20.033 And they found that if you gave somebody blood plasma, 00:29:20.033 --> 00:29:22.567 it was almost as good as blood, 00:29:22.567 --> 00:29:27.734 and then they discovered that they could freeze-dry plasma. 00:29:27.734 --> 00:29:31.133 So freeze-dried, it didn't have to be refrigerated. 00:29:31.133 --> 00:29:36.367 So they shipped kits, medic kits over 00:29:36.367 --> 00:29:39.434 that would have freeze-dried plasma. 00:29:39.434 --> 00:29:42.501 -And I actually have a picture of those kits that, 00:29:42.501 --> 00:29:45.200 while you're talking, I'll pull that up so they can see it. 00:29:45.200 --> 00:29:48.334 -Okay. So they have a picture there of it, 00:29:48.334 --> 00:29:49.834 and so you would open that up, 00:29:49.834 --> 00:29:53.133 and so in one can was a glass jar -- 00:29:53.133 --> 00:29:56.400 they put them inside of cans so they wouldn't break -- 00:29:56.400 --> 00:29:58.601 of blood plasma, freeze-dried, 00:29:58.601 --> 00:30:00.300 and one of sterile water. 00:30:00.300 --> 00:30:04.234 They'd mix them together, shake it up just like Kool-Aid, 00:30:04.234 --> 00:30:10.868 and then they could give a lifesaving blood transfusion. 00:30:10.868 --> 00:30:12.567 -So you brought up a good point. 00:30:12.567 --> 00:30:17.534 You said that one of these glass jars had water in it, 00:30:17.534 --> 00:30:19.400 and that brings me back to that heater 00:30:19.400 --> 00:30:21.834 that you said is inside the ambulance 00:30:21.834 --> 00:30:25.234 because the European theater of the war, 00:30:25.234 --> 00:30:28.267 it was fought in wintry conditions, right? 00:30:28.267 --> 00:30:30.133 -Yeah. It's very cold a lot of times. 00:30:30.133 --> 00:30:33.968 -If that water that was used to reconstitute the plasma 00:30:33.968 --> 00:30:35.567 was frozen, what would happen? 00:30:35.567 --> 00:30:36.734 -Right. They would -- 00:30:36.734 --> 00:30:39.133 You couldn't use it because you have to -- 00:30:39.133 --> 00:30:41.234 The injection, the transfusion 00:30:41.234 --> 00:30:44.167 has to be really close to body temperature, 00:30:44.167 --> 00:30:45.667 or you could make shock worse. 00:30:45.667 --> 00:30:48.667 You could give the person hypothermia. 00:30:48.667 --> 00:30:51.167 So, yeah, so the heated ambulance 00:30:51.167 --> 00:30:52.634 would keep the patient warm, 00:30:52.634 --> 00:30:55.767 but it could also keep the blood plasma warm. 00:30:55.767 --> 00:30:59.501 -So the ambulance was really good for preventing shock 00:30:59.501 --> 00:31:00.801 in two ways, really, 00:31:00.801 --> 00:31:03.200 because it could keep your patients warm 00:31:03.200 --> 00:31:05.834 while they're being transported, 00:31:05.834 --> 00:31:09.501 but it could also prevent that water for your plasma kits 00:31:09.501 --> 00:31:10.801 from freezing. 00:31:10.801 --> 00:31:12.000 -Or getting really cold, yeah. 00:31:12.000 --> 00:31:15.434 -And we have a question from Megan B. 00:31:15.434 --> 00:31:18.567 Megan wants to know, "If you receive plasma, 00:31:18.567 --> 00:31:21.834 would they still need a blood transfusion after that?" 00:31:21.834 --> 00:31:23.467 -Yes, probably. 00:31:23.467 --> 00:31:26.067 It depends on how bad things were, 00:31:26.067 --> 00:31:28.801 but it gets up your blood fluid 00:31:28.801 --> 00:31:31.100 so that you could still circulate it all around, 00:31:31.100 --> 00:31:33.634 but it doesn't have blood cells in it, 00:31:33.634 --> 00:31:36.868 and it doesn't have the platelets 00:31:36.868 --> 00:31:39.501 that are gonna help you stop bleeding. 00:31:39.501 --> 00:31:40.868 -And before we move on, 00:31:40.868 --> 00:31:45.167 we have another really good question from Kelly again. 00:31:45.167 --> 00:31:47.501 Kelly wants to know, "What would happen 00:31:47.501 --> 00:31:51.133 if the wounded didn't receive the right type of blood? 00:31:51.133 --> 00:31:53.000 How would it affect their system? 00:31:53.000 --> 00:31:55.334 Would nothing happen, or would something happen?" 00:31:55.334 --> 00:31:58.934 -Yeah, if you get a transfusion of the wrong type of blood, 00:31:58.934 --> 00:32:02.167 you'll have a severe immune reaction, 00:32:02.167 --> 00:32:06.000 and your body will attack those cells, 00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:09.534 and you'd likely die. 00:32:09.534 --> 00:32:11.501 -But this wasn't the case with plasma, right? 00:32:11.501 --> 00:32:15.734 'Cause all the red blood cells were removed from the plasma. 00:32:15.734 --> 00:32:18.701 -All the stuff that you could be allergic to 00:32:18.701 --> 00:32:20.667 is down here in the bottom. -Okay. 00:32:20.667 --> 00:32:23.033 -The blood cells and the platelets. 00:32:23.033 --> 00:32:24.767 -And the next thing I want to share 00:32:24.767 --> 00:32:27.334 is a picture of this doctor. 00:32:27.334 --> 00:32:30.000 He's really important to this whole story. 00:32:30.000 --> 00:32:33.367 Can you tell us more about who this is and why he's important? 00:32:33.367 --> 00:32:35.501 -This is Dr. Charles Drew, 00:32:35.501 --> 00:32:40.567 and when we were getting ready for the war -- 00:32:40.567 --> 00:32:41.868 We weren't in it yet, 00:32:41.868 --> 00:32:45.267 but England was getting bombed every night in 1940. 00:32:45.267 --> 00:32:48.100 We were collecting blood to send over there, blood drives, 00:32:48.100 --> 00:32:51.133 'cause tens of thousands of British people in the cities 00:32:51.133 --> 00:32:54.100 were killed, and many more were injured, 00:32:54.100 --> 00:32:56.300 and so we're sending blood over there, 00:32:56.300 --> 00:32:59.734 and Charles Drew was in charge of that effort 00:32:59.734 --> 00:33:04.033 to get that blood and preserve it and send it over there, 00:33:04.033 --> 00:33:06.167 so when we were getting ready 00:33:06.167 --> 00:33:08.801 for getting into the war ourselves, 00:33:08.801 --> 00:33:13.367 they put Charles Drew in charge of the process 00:33:13.367 --> 00:33:16.334 of freeze-drying the blood and making these kits. 00:33:16.334 --> 00:33:19.467 We couldn't have, like, every state doing it a different way. 00:33:19.467 --> 00:33:23.067 We had to have one centralized way to collect the blood, 00:33:23.067 --> 00:33:26.834 to process the blood into freeze-dried plasma, 00:33:26.834 --> 00:33:28.801 and then to package it together, 00:33:28.801 --> 00:33:32.734 and he was the guy in charge of all that huge effort, 00:33:32.734 --> 00:33:40.868 and he was later in charge of the United States Red Cross, 00:33:40.868 --> 00:33:44.400 and he actually resigned from that very important position 00:33:44.400 --> 00:33:49.100 after the war because he was African-American, 00:33:49.100 --> 00:33:52.467 and he was very concerned that the Red Cross 00:33:52.467 --> 00:33:54.667 had a policy of giving blood 00:33:54.667 --> 00:33:58.434 only to the same race as the person who gave it, 00:33:58.434 --> 00:34:02.467 so if you were black, they would look for a black person's blood. 00:34:02.467 --> 00:34:04.567 Now, biologically, it doesn't make a difference. 00:34:04.567 --> 00:34:07.534 -Yeah, and that seems kind of counterproductive, 00:34:07.534 --> 00:34:09.801 if you're trying to save lives, to separate the blood. 00:34:09.801 --> 00:34:15.200 It is, so he said, "This is wrong," and he resigned. 00:34:15.200 --> 00:34:18.534 It was a very honorable thing to do. 00:34:21.300 --> 00:34:24.701 -And we have some -- Let me pull these questions out. 00:34:24.701 --> 00:34:27.501 We're getting some really good questions about plasma, 00:34:27.501 --> 00:34:32.868 so the first one that I saw here was from Jack, 00:34:32.868 --> 00:34:36.033 and Jack wants to know how they get the plasma into the body. 00:34:36.033 --> 00:34:40.400 So, Jack, I'm gonna share again this image of a soldier 00:34:40.400 --> 00:34:43.501 actually in the European theater of the war 00:34:43.501 --> 00:34:45.767 giving that plasma transfusion, 00:34:45.767 --> 00:34:48.033 so it would be similar to a blood transfusion, right? 00:34:48.033 --> 00:34:52.033 -Yeah. It's an I.V., just like a blood transfusion would be, 00:34:52.033 --> 00:34:53.300 but it's just an I.V. 00:34:53.300 --> 00:34:56.267 They stick it into a vein, and then they hang it, 00:34:56.267 --> 00:34:58.434 and gravity pulls it down into your blood. 00:34:58.434 --> 00:35:00.200 -And Aiden wants to know 00:35:00.200 --> 00:35:02.567 if there are different types of plasma 00:35:02.567 --> 00:35:05.334 just like there are different types of blood. 00:35:05.334 --> 00:35:09.767 -Nowadays, we do have different types of plasma. 00:35:09.767 --> 00:35:12.934 They might be enriched in this thing or that thing, 00:35:12.934 --> 00:35:16.133 but back then, they just had one kind of plasma, 00:35:16.133 --> 00:35:20.868 and they ended up stopping the use of plasma for a while 00:35:20.868 --> 00:35:22.334 after World War II because they found 00:35:22.334 --> 00:35:26.501 that they were accidentally transmitting hepatitis that way. 00:35:26.501 --> 00:35:29.067 Hepatitis is a virus that, among other things, 00:35:29.067 --> 00:35:30.701 attacks your liver. 00:35:30.701 --> 00:35:33.334 They didn't know that much about viruses back then, 00:35:33.334 --> 00:35:36.033 and they didn't know that this was gonna happen, 00:35:36.033 --> 00:35:37.467 so when they found that it was happening, 00:35:37.467 --> 00:35:41.234 they stopped using plasma transfusions for a while, 00:35:41.234 --> 00:35:44.834 but they've found ways to take care of that now. 00:35:44.834 --> 00:35:47.534 -And that actually answers Laurie's question a little bit, 00:35:47.534 --> 00:35:50.767 who wanted to know, "Do we still use plasma today?" 00:35:50.767 --> 00:35:53.868 And, Laurie, I can tell you that after World War II, 00:35:53.868 --> 00:35:56.601 the United States military stopped using plasma 00:35:56.601 --> 00:35:59.467 for the reasons Rob just told us. 00:35:59.467 --> 00:36:03.501 They discovered that hepatitis was being transmitted to people, 00:36:03.501 --> 00:36:07.734 but we saw that other countries, as science improved, 00:36:07.734 --> 00:36:09.934 they started using plasma again, 00:36:09.934 --> 00:36:12.734 and now I've seen quite a few articles 00:36:12.734 --> 00:36:14.567 popping up within the past few years 00:36:14.567 --> 00:36:16.767 where our military has actually started 00:36:16.767 --> 00:36:19.567 using dried plasma again, 00:36:19.567 --> 00:36:22.601 but right now I think the donations are still coming 00:36:22.601 --> 00:36:24.567 from foreign countries. 00:36:24.567 --> 00:36:29.334 But that brings us to another question that was, 00:36:29.334 --> 00:36:31.934 "Where did the donated plasma come from?" 00:36:31.934 --> 00:36:33.934 And it actually came from the people 00:36:33.934 --> 00:36:36.000 that were here on the home front, 00:36:36.000 --> 00:36:38.234 just regular Americans like you and me. 00:36:38.234 --> 00:36:40.334 And we still see today 00:36:40.334 --> 00:36:43.033 that people go out to the blood center, 00:36:43.033 --> 00:36:45.734 and they donate blood to help their communities, 00:36:45.734 --> 00:36:47.667 and that blood donation, 00:36:47.667 --> 00:36:50.434 that's where the actual plasma comes from. 00:36:50.434 --> 00:36:51.834 And whenever I was in college, 00:36:51.834 --> 00:36:54.968 when all of my friends needed a little extra money, 00:36:54.968 --> 00:36:56.968 they would donate their plasma, too. 00:36:56.968 --> 00:36:58.200 -Yeah, they use plasma 00:36:58.200 --> 00:37:00.567 for special medical conditions and stuff, too, 00:37:00.567 --> 00:37:02.968 but, yeah, every time there's a big, 00:37:02.968 --> 00:37:05.767 you know, natural disaster or something, 00:37:05.767 --> 00:37:08.434 people go, and there's a blood drive, you know, 00:37:08.434 --> 00:37:12.267 because injured people need the blood and blood products. 00:37:12.267 --> 00:37:16.968 -And before we get to our adopt, adapt, apply, 00:37:16.968 --> 00:37:18.834 which I'm gonna throw that up on the screen 00:37:18.834 --> 00:37:20.767 so y'all can be typing in 00:37:20.767 --> 00:37:24.033 what you think the ambulance is while I'm still talking, 00:37:24.033 --> 00:37:26.901 we had one last question about plasma from Nathan, 00:37:26.901 --> 00:37:29.567 who wanted know, "What color is the plasma?" 00:37:29.567 --> 00:37:34.334 -It's kind of a clear, yellowish liquid. 00:37:34.334 --> 00:37:35.801 You can -- 00:37:35.801 --> 00:37:38.601 We do a thing that looks just like plasma here. 00:37:38.601 --> 00:37:43.234 We put tomato juice, and if you use V8 juice 00:37:43.234 --> 00:37:48.834 and you spin it in a centrifuge, it looks a lot like blood, 00:37:48.834 --> 00:37:51.801 and the stuff at the top looks a lot like plasma, 00:37:51.801 --> 00:37:54.968 so we do that as a demonstration here. 00:37:54.968 --> 00:37:59.000 -So let's go back to our adopt, adapt, apply, 00:37:59.000 --> 00:38:00.434 so we want to hear -- 00:38:00.434 --> 00:38:03.067 We're talking about that Dodge ambulance, 00:38:03.067 --> 00:38:06.234 and we want to hear whether you think it is adopt. 00:38:06.234 --> 00:38:08.501 And remember, when we adopt something, 00:38:08.501 --> 00:38:10.968 we're taking an object that has a use, 00:38:10.968 --> 00:38:13.634 but we're using it for another purpose. 00:38:13.634 --> 00:38:16.734 Adapt -- Adapt is when we take an object 00:38:16.734 --> 00:38:19.467 and we make modifications to its design 00:38:19.467 --> 00:38:22.000 to make it useful for another purpose. 00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:24.834 And apply -- When we we apply, 00:38:24.834 --> 00:38:28.667 we're applying what we know to make an object 00:38:28.667 --> 00:38:31.234 even more useful than it already is. 00:38:31.234 --> 00:38:33.767 And, oh, look, Tony said apply 00:38:33.767 --> 00:38:36.067 with an exclamation point behind it. 00:38:36.067 --> 00:38:38.467 We're getting a mix of everything. 00:38:38.467 --> 00:38:42.934 We're getting, well, mostly "adapts" and "applies" here, 00:38:42.934 --> 00:38:46.167 but, Rob, can you tell us what the answer is? 00:38:46.167 --> 00:38:48.067 -So, I mean, I could see all of them, again, 00:38:48.067 --> 00:38:50.234 but this is, like, use your ELA skills. 00:38:50.234 --> 00:38:52.801 Like, what's the main point of this story? 00:38:52.801 --> 00:38:55.667 And to me, the main point of this story is apply. 00:38:55.667 --> 00:39:01.267 We learned about shock and trauma and how to treat people, 00:39:01.267 --> 00:39:05.167 and we turned that into a new ambulance 00:39:05.167 --> 00:39:07.834 and a system for getting people 00:39:07.834 --> 00:39:09.434 the blood plasma that they needed, 00:39:09.434 --> 00:39:10.968 so I would say apply 00:39:10.968 --> 00:39:14.367 is what I would say is the label for this story. 00:39:14.367 --> 00:39:17.234 -But again, like you said with the last -- the C-47 -- 00:39:17.234 --> 00:39:19.667 -I mean, we kind of adopted a truck, 00:39:19.667 --> 00:39:23.100 and we adapted it to work, 00:39:23.100 --> 00:39:25.267 but, like I said, the main theme is apply. 00:39:25.267 --> 00:39:26.467 -Thank you very much, Rob, 00:39:26.467 --> 00:39:28.801 and thank you all for your responses and -- 00:39:28.801 --> 00:39:30.133 -You guys are doing great. -Yeah. 00:39:30.133 --> 00:39:32.601 Y'all are doing a great job, and I want to shout out 00:39:32.601 --> 00:39:34.400 Betsy Almerico's students. 00:39:34.400 --> 00:39:36.734 Hey. Thank y'all for watching. 00:39:36.734 --> 00:39:40.100 All right, let's go on to our third 00:39:40.100 --> 00:39:43.601 and final macro artifact for the day, 00:39:43.601 --> 00:39:47.367 and it's this big behemoth that we see in front of us. 00:39:47.367 --> 00:39:48.834 -It's a fun thing. 00:39:48.834 --> 00:39:52.234 -So we're gonna go back into the STEM and Innovation Gallery 00:39:52.234 --> 00:39:55.234 to hear from Chrissy one last time 00:39:55.234 --> 00:39:58.734 about this particular innovation here. 00:39:58.734 --> 00:39:59.968 -Hey, guys, this is Chrissy 00:39:59.968 --> 00:40:02.534 in the STEM Innovation Gallery in the museum. 00:40:02.534 --> 00:40:06.234 I'm standing here next to the LVT-4 Water Buffalo. 00:40:06.234 --> 00:40:08.667 This is an amphibious armored vehicle 00:40:08.667 --> 00:40:10.267 that was used to bring troops ashore 00:40:10.267 --> 00:40:12.601 in the Pacific theater during World War II. 00:40:12.601 --> 00:40:17.067 This version weighs about 16 1/2 tons and carries about 30. 00:40:17.067 --> 00:40:18.400 It rides low in the water, 00:40:18.400 --> 00:40:21.434 propelled only by the cups on the metal tracks. 00:40:21.434 --> 00:40:24.367 In water, it goes no more than five miles per hour. 00:40:24.367 --> 00:40:26.434 On land, it can go up to 25. 00:40:26.434 --> 00:40:28.200 The original design for this came from 00:40:28.200 --> 00:40:29.801 a hurricane rescue vehicle 00:40:29.801 --> 00:40:31.667 designed by an inventor in Florida. 00:40:31.667 --> 00:40:33.033 He called it the Alligator, 00:40:33.033 --> 00:40:35.834 and the military version was often given that nickname. 00:40:35.834 --> 00:40:37.901 It was modified for military use 00:40:37.901 --> 00:40:40.934 and made by the Food Machinery Corporation, 00:40:40.934 --> 00:40:43.400 who made agriculture equipment before the war. 00:40:43.400 --> 00:40:46.601 About 8,500 of this model were made. 00:40:46.601 --> 00:40:49.734 The tracks on these allowed them to cross the coral reefs 00:40:49.734 --> 00:40:52.300 surrounding volcanic islands in the Pacific, 00:40:52.300 --> 00:40:54.400 like Saipan and Iwo Jima, 00:40:54.400 --> 00:40:58.300 and crawl ashore under fire with soldiers protected inside. 00:40:58.300 --> 00:41:01.534 It has a door in the back so they can exit under cover. 00:41:01.534 --> 00:41:04.467 -Chrissy brought up something very important 00:41:04.467 --> 00:41:09.334 about this macro artifact that we call the LVT. 00:41:09.334 --> 00:41:11.834 She said that it was originally designed 00:41:11.834 --> 00:41:14.234 as a hurricane rescue vehicle, 00:41:14.234 --> 00:41:17.534 so I want to talk a little bit about that 00:41:17.534 --> 00:41:19.501 because we are actually here 00:41:19.501 --> 00:41:21.667 on the Gulf Coast of the United States, 00:41:21.667 --> 00:41:23.901 where we deal with the hurricane season 00:41:23.901 --> 00:41:26.934 from June all the way through November, okay, 00:41:26.934 --> 00:41:32.767 so this is a major weather issue affecting the entire Gulf Coast, 00:41:32.767 --> 00:41:37.467 and, actually, the guy who invented the Alligator, 00:41:37.467 --> 00:41:39.400 he was from Florida, 00:41:39.400 --> 00:41:41.400 and I believe his grandfather 00:41:41.400 --> 00:41:43.033 or his great-grandfather was also -- 00:41:43.033 --> 00:41:46.701 -Both his grandparents worked on building the Brooklyn Bridge. 00:41:46.701 --> 00:41:48.234 -Yeah, so this was in his blood, 00:41:48.234 --> 00:41:50.767 but he was living in Florida, 00:41:50.767 --> 00:41:54.968 and he saw Florida get hit with terrible hurricanes 00:41:54.968 --> 00:42:01.067 in 1926, 1928, 1932, and 1935. 00:42:01.067 --> 00:42:06.300 So in 1933, this inventor, whose name was Donald Roebling, 00:42:06.300 --> 00:42:10.234 he started working to design an amphibious tractor -- 00:42:10.234 --> 00:42:13.300 and amphibious, that means that it can go on the land 00:42:13.300 --> 00:42:15.367 and also in the water -- 00:42:15.367 --> 00:42:18.033 to rescue victims of Florida's hurricanes 00:42:18.033 --> 00:42:20.968 who were trapped in swampy areas, 00:42:20.968 --> 00:42:22.267 and like Chrissy told us, 00:42:22.267 --> 00:42:24.834 he called this invention the Alligator, 00:42:24.834 --> 00:42:26.868 and I want to show y'all 00:42:26.868 --> 00:42:28.434 what the Alligator actually looked like. 00:42:28.434 --> 00:42:32.267 It was pretty cool, so it looks pretty similar to the LVT 00:42:32.267 --> 00:42:34.234 that we showed you, 00:42:34.234 --> 00:42:35.968 but the U.S. Marine Corps, 00:42:35.968 --> 00:42:38.300 they actually came across this invention, 00:42:38.300 --> 00:42:39.901 right, Rob, when they were searching 00:42:39.901 --> 00:42:41.601 for a vehicle that could do what? 00:42:41.601 --> 00:42:45.667 -Right. In 1935, there was a terrible hurricane. 00:42:45.667 --> 00:42:48.767 They call it the Labor Day Hurricane of Florida, 00:42:48.767 --> 00:42:51.000 and it killed hundreds of people, 00:42:51.000 --> 00:42:53.701 and people got stuck, and some of them died 00:42:53.701 --> 00:42:55.300 just 'cause they couldn't get rescued, 00:42:55.300 --> 00:42:58.934 and so when they used this to rescue people, 00:42:58.934 --> 00:43:01.000 they made a page of Life magazine, 00:43:01.000 --> 00:43:02.801 which was the magazine everybody read back then. 00:43:02.801 --> 00:43:05.734 It was a big magazine with pretty pictures. 00:43:05.734 --> 00:43:07.167 They had lots of pictures of this. 00:43:07.167 --> 00:43:09.801 This actually comes from that magazine, 00:43:09.801 --> 00:43:11.400 and the military saw it and said, 00:43:11.400 --> 00:43:14.701 "Hey, I think we can use something like that." 00:43:14.701 --> 00:43:17.534 Now, they had landing vehicles, of course, 00:43:17.534 --> 00:43:19.801 but the landing vehicles were wood, 00:43:19.801 --> 00:43:23.267 so they knew if they needed to get across a coral reef 00:43:23.267 --> 00:43:26.133 that the wood would get ripped apart by the coral. 00:43:26.133 --> 00:43:29.834 Now, this thing gets propelled only by the tracks. 00:43:29.834 --> 00:43:31.133 There's those cups on the tracks, 00:43:31.133 --> 00:43:33.267 like Chrissy said, that push it through the water. 00:43:33.267 --> 00:43:37.300 There's no propeller, so it was really good 00:43:37.300 --> 00:43:40.367 for crawling across those coral reefs 00:43:40.367 --> 00:43:42.334 and then getting to the rest of those islands, 00:43:42.334 --> 00:43:44.601 because those islands are volcanoes 00:43:44.601 --> 00:43:48.300 with the coral reef around it in a ring. 00:43:48.300 --> 00:43:50.934 -Okay, so before we move on, 00:43:50.934 --> 00:43:54.400 we just got a really good question from Alan, 00:43:54.400 --> 00:43:57.901 who wants to know the difference between the Higgins boat 00:43:57.901 --> 00:44:00.367 and the Alligator or the LVT. 00:44:00.367 --> 00:44:02.100 -I'm so glad you asked. 00:44:02.100 --> 00:44:04.701 So, a Higgins boat is like this, 00:44:04.701 --> 00:44:07.701 and so it's actually a modified fishing boat, 00:44:07.701 --> 00:44:10.501 so it's got a similar situation 00:44:10.501 --> 00:44:13.367 where it's modified from a fishing boat. 00:44:13.367 --> 00:44:15.033 The first one didn't have a door. 00:44:15.033 --> 00:44:17.400 The second one, they put a door in it, 00:44:17.400 --> 00:44:22.734 so the LVT is similar except that this gets the -- 00:44:22.734 --> 00:44:23.968 We don't have a propeller on it, 00:44:23.968 --> 00:44:26.968 but the Higgins boat has a big propeller on it 00:44:26.968 --> 00:44:28.901 that pushes it through the water, 00:44:28.901 --> 00:44:32.534 and the LVT, it's those tracks going around 00:44:32.534 --> 00:44:34.801 that scoop with their little cups 00:44:34.801 --> 00:44:36.934 and push it through the water. 00:44:36.934 --> 00:44:42.400 This is wood, and the LVT is steel. 00:44:42.400 --> 00:44:44.734 -And I imagine the Higgins boat 00:44:44.734 --> 00:44:46.968 went a little bit faster than the LVT. 00:44:46.968 --> 00:44:48.367 -Went quite a bit faster. 00:44:48.367 --> 00:44:53.367 This goes, like, up to 20, 25 miles an hour in the water. 00:44:53.367 --> 00:44:55.934 That went five, you know? 00:44:55.934 --> 00:45:01.767 This is pretty heavy, but the LVT weighs 16 1/2 tons. 00:45:01.767 --> 00:45:05.033 -Wow, and that brings us to David's question. 00:45:05.033 --> 00:45:07.501 David actually wants to know, "If it's so heavy, 00:45:07.501 --> 00:45:09.968 how does it float in the water?" 00:45:09.968 --> 00:45:12.467 -Do we have a picture of how low it floats? 00:45:12.467 --> 00:45:13.801 -We don't. -Okay. 00:45:13.801 --> 00:45:16.167 -You can kind of see it in that other shot, I think. 00:45:16.167 --> 00:45:18.067 -In this one here, let's take a look. 00:45:18.067 --> 00:45:19.767 -Yeah. Go back. 00:45:19.767 --> 00:45:22.801 So they float really low, 00:45:22.801 --> 00:45:24.634 and I think they showed it in the video. 00:45:24.634 --> 00:45:25.868 -Yeah. 00:45:25.868 --> 00:45:28.167 -So it floats really low in the water, like, 00:45:28.167 --> 00:45:30.801 right at the top of the tracks, 00:45:30.801 --> 00:45:33.634 and it's kind of a wet experience. 00:45:33.634 --> 00:45:36.167 Since you're so low, it splashes a lot. 00:45:36.167 --> 00:45:38.601 There's a little bit of leakage through that door 00:45:38.601 --> 00:45:40.601 because it's metal on metal, 00:45:40.601 --> 00:45:44.167 so it's kind of a wet experience, 00:45:44.167 --> 00:45:47.567 but it does float even though it weighs 16 1/2 tons. 00:45:47.567 --> 00:45:49.534 -It's a monster. -Yeah. 00:45:49.534 --> 00:45:51.801 -I understand why they call it the Water Buffalo. 00:45:51.801 --> 00:45:53.667 -If you want to know why it floats, 00:45:53.667 --> 00:45:57.033 we have an old webinar called "What Floats Your Boat?" 00:45:57.033 --> 00:45:59.267 You can look that one up. 00:45:59.267 --> 00:46:01.801 -So this picture that I put up on the screen, 00:46:01.801 --> 00:46:05.567 this one is actually pretty important to the LVT story 00:46:05.567 --> 00:46:10.534 and also the World War II story as a whole because the Marines, 00:46:10.534 --> 00:46:12.400 they actually used LVTs 00:46:12.400 --> 00:46:16.567 to invade this island called Iwo Jima. 00:46:16.567 --> 00:46:20.167 And Iwo had about three airfields, 00:46:20.167 --> 00:46:24.167 and it was only about 700 miles from Japan, 00:46:24.167 --> 00:46:27.534 and we were gonna launch some aerial attacks on Japan. 00:46:27.534 --> 00:46:31.100 We needed our B-29 bombers to be able to head over there 00:46:31.100 --> 00:46:32.334 and drop bombs, 00:46:32.334 --> 00:46:33.767 so it was a really big deal 00:46:33.767 --> 00:46:37.400 to get control of this teeny tiny little island 00:46:37.400 --> 00:46:42.200 that was surrounded by coral and was a volcanic island, right? 00:46:42.200 --> 00:46:44.868 -Yep, so we would say that the volcano, 00:46:44.868 --> 00:46:48.467 Mount Suribachi there, was dormant, 00:46:48.467 --> 00:46:49.901 which means it wasn't active, 00:46:49.901 --> 00:46:52.934 but the whole island itself was active. 00:46:52.934 --> 00:46:59.434 I mean, it's got this black sand that's from volcanic rock, 00:46:59.434 --> 00:47:02.133 and so if you're coming up on the beach, 00:47:02.133 --> 00:47:06.734 it's this black coarse sand, and the beach is hot. 00:47:06.734 --> 00:47:08.467 This volcano produces steam. 00:47:08.467 --> 00:47:10.267 It's got a lot of water coming up through it, 00:47:10.267 --> 00:47:14.133 so it's, like, this foggy, hot, wet. 00:47:14.133 --> 00:47:17.100 So imagine being some 19-year-old guy 00:47:17.100 --> 00:47:19.868 from Kansas or Massachusetts, 00:47:19.868 --> 00:47:22.234 and you're crawling up that beach. 00:47:22.234 --> 00:47:24.667 Back then, they didn't know where volcanoes came from 00:47:24.667 --> 00:47:25.801 or what caused them, 00:47:25.801 --> 00:47:28.734 so that would've been really weird. 00:47:28.734 --> 00:47:32.000 -And Rob mentioned Mount Suribachi, 00:47:32.000 --> 00:47:34.634 which is that mountain kind of in the distance there, 00:47:34.634 --> 00:47:38.801 and that was the highest point on this teeny tiny little island 00:47:38.801 --> 00:47:42.100 that was only four miles long at its longest point 00:47:42.100 --> 00:47:45.067 and about two miles wide at its widest point. 00:47:45.067 --> 00:47:50.968 Mount Suribachi was about 528 feet high, 00:47:50.968 --> 00:47:53.767 and the reason why I wanted to point this out 00:47:53.767 --> 00:47:59.501 is because many of you have probably seen this image. 00:47:59.501 --> 00:48:04.100 This image is actually on top of Mount Suribachi. 00:48:04.100 --> 00:48:08.100 This was taken on February 23rd of 1945, 00:48:08.100 --> 00:48:12.100 and we see six Marines raising the United States flag, 00:48:12.100 --> 00:48:14.667 and this was taken by a photographer 00:48:14.667 --> 00:48:16.801 named Joe Rosenthal. 00:48:16.801 --> 00:48:19.300 And to give you a little perspective, 00:48:19.300 --> 00:48:21.033 the Battle of Iwo Jima, 00:48:21.033 --> 00:48:25.801 these LVTs start pulling in on about February 19th. 00:48:25.801 --> 00:48:29.567 This flag was raised on February 23rd. 00:48:29.567 --> 00:48:32.501 But the battle did not completely end. 00:48:32.501 --> 00:48:36.200 Like, we didn't take this full island until March 26th, 00:48:36.200 --> 00:48:39.834 so this battle was, like, a month long, right? 00:48:39.834 --> 00:48:45.234 And this image is so important because it became kind of, like, 00:48:45.234 --> 00:48:48.701 a rallying cry here in the United States of America. 00:48:48.701 --> 00:48:51.334 This was actually a propaganda poster 00:48:51.334 --> 00:48:54.601 that was used to raise money for war bonds, 00:48:54.601 --> 00:48:57.767 but people, they saw this image here in the United States, 00:48:57.767 --> 00:48:59.501 and they became more motivated, 00:48:59.501 --> 00:49:01.200 and they got excited 'cause they were like, 00:49:01.200 --> 00:49:04.601 "The war feels like it's almost over." 00:49:04.601 --> 00:49:09.934 And just interesting fact about this image, 00:49:09.934 --> 00:49:13.968 there are six guys who were identified as raising this flag, 00:49:13.968 --> 00:49:16.667 but one had actually been misidentified 00:49:16.667 --> 00:49:18.801 until not that long ago. 00:49:18.801 --> 00:49:23.200 We originally thought that John Bradley was a part of this, 00:49:23.200 --> 00:49:25.601 but some history buffs, like, 00:49:25.601 --> 00:49:29.367 I think they were just amateur researchers doing it for fun, 00:49:29.367 --> 00:49:31.367 they realized that the sixth guy 00:49:31.367 --> 00:49:35.234 was actually a man named Harold Schultz. 00:49:35.234 --> 00:49:42.467 So let's see if we have any more questions about the LVT here. 00:49:42.467 --> 00:49:44.567 I think we had one. Somebody -- 00:49:44.567 --> 00:49:48.667 Sophia asked if we still use these today in hurricanes. 00:49:48.667 --> 00:49:50.868 I haven't seen that. 00:49:50.868 --> 00:49:52.234 -We don't use them in hurricanes. 00:49:52.234 --> 00:49:55.300 The military uses something today they call an AMTRAC, 00:49:55.300 --> 00:49:58.167 which is basically the same thing, 00:49:58.167 --> 00:50:01.334 or a Bradley they used in Vietnam. 00:50:01.334 --> 00:50:03.567 They're actually made by the same company, 00:50:03.567 --> 00:50:06.701 the Food Manufacturing Corporation 00:50:06.701 --> 00:50:09.801 that Chrissy mentioned in the video. 00:50:09.801 --> 00:50:13.000 They still made those for Vietnam War. 00:50:13.000 --> 00:50:19.000 -Okay, so maybe, like, a modified version of the LVT 00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:20.701 still being used today. 00:50:20.701 --> 00:50:24.367 And that brings us back to the three A's here, 00:50:24.367 --> 00:50:25.868 so type in your answers 00:50:25.868 --> 00:50:27.868 while I'm reviewing what these mean. 00:50:27.868 --> 00:50:33.300 Remember, adopt is when we take something that has a use 00:50:33.300 --> 00:50:36.467 but we use it for another purpose. 00:50:36.467 --> 00:50:38.901 Adapt -- When we adapt something, 00:50:38.901 --> 00:50:40.534 we are taking an object 00:50:40.534 --> 00:50:43.734 and making modifications to its design 00:50:43.734 --> 00:50:46.300 to make it useful for another purpose. 00:50:46.300 --> 00:50:48.968 And apply -- When we apply, 00:50:48.968 --> 00:50:51.434 we're applying what we know to make an object 00:50:51.434 --> 00:50:53.400 even more useful than it already is. 00:50:53.400 --> 00:50:54.934 And we're getting some answers in, 00:50:54.934 --> 00:50:58.667 and it's looks like right now everybody is saying adapt. 00:50:58.667 --> 00:51:01.100 So, Rob, can you reveal the answer? 00:51:01.100 --> 00:51:03.300 -Yeah, I would definitely say adapt 00:51:03.300 --> 00:51:08.000 'cause we took this idea of the thing that Roebling made, 00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:10.767 and we said, "That concept works, 00:51:10.767 --> 00:51:12.901 but we really need to make some changes to it. 00:51:12.901 --> 00:51:15.534 Roebling's thing was made of aluminum. 00:51:15.534 --> 00:51:18.868 We need to make it heavier and stronger," 00:51:18.868 --> 00:51:20.267 and so that's what they did. 00:51:20.267 --> 00:51:23.100 They adapted it, so I think you guys get the concept 00:51:23.100 --> 00:51:25.067 really, really good. 00:51:25.067 --> 00:51:27.534 -And to wrap this up 00:51:27.534 --> 00:51:31.100 before we go to our final Q&A session, 00:51:31.100 --> 00:51:36.267 Rob, I'd like you to really elaborate on why modification 00:51:36.267 --> 00:51:39.167 was so important for the United States, 00:51:39.167 --> 00:51:41.167 for us to be successful in this war. 00:51:41.167 --> 00:51:42.901 -Right, so first of all, 00:51:42.901 --> 00:51:45.901 modification is just what engineers and scientists do. 00:51:45.901 --> 00:51:48.133 You come up with an idea. You test it out. 00:51:48.133 --> 00:51:49.767 You make it better. You test it out. 00:51:49.767 --> 00:51:52.567 You make it better until you run out of money. 00:51:52.567 --> 00:51:56.067 It's just what you do, but second of all, 00:51:56.067 --> 00:51:57.734 like we say in the essay, 00:51:57.734 --> 00:52:00.734 we had to get ready for this war really, really quickly. 00:52:00.734 --> 00:52:06.801 We were starting in 1939, 1940 to get ready but very slowly. 00:52:06.801 --> 00:52:09.067 You know, when we got into the war, 00:52:09.067 --> 00:52:10.400 when the Japanese kind of 00:52:10.400 --> 00:52:11.834 pulled us into the war with Pearl Harbor, 00:52:11.834 --> 00:52:15.300 we definitely were not prepared for what was to come, 00:52:15.300 --> 00:52:17.367 but we won, and we did it 00:52:17.367 --> 00:52:20.434 because we just made a lot of stuff, 00:52:20.434 --> 00:52:22.200 and that's a big part of it. 00:52:22.200 --> 00:52:24.901 There were brave people, and people worked hard, 00:52:24.901 --> 00:52:27.400 but a lot of it was that we just made a lot of stuff, 00:52:27.400 --> 00:52:30.968 and we did it by being really smart about production, 00:52:30.968 --> 00:52:33.968 and part of that means not starting from scratch, 00:52:33.968 --> 00:52:35.901 but taking what you have 00:52:35.901 --> 00:52:38.767 and modifying it or making it better. 00:52:38.767 --> 00:52:41.267 -Thank you, Rob, and the last thing I want to discuss 00:52:41.267 --> 00:52:45.634 before we answer the rest of these questions that we have, 00:52:45.634 --> 00:52:48.400 we do have two activities 00:52:48.400 --> 00:52:51.033 that Rob has prepared for your students. 00:52:51.033 --> 00:52:52.801 And can you tell us a little bit more about what they are? 00:52:52.801 --> 00:52:55.133 -Yeah, so one of them is just practicing 00:52:55.133 --> 00:52:56.901 that iterative process 00:52:56.901 --> 00:52:59.767 of testing and modifying and testing and modifying. 00:52:59.767 --> 00:53:02.834 You're gonna make paper airplanes, 00:53:02.834 --> 00:53:05.834 and you're gonna test them, and then you're gonna decide, 00:53:05.834 --> 00:53:07.267 "Do I want to make it go further? 00:53:07.267 --> 00:53:08.701 Do I want to make it go faster? 00:53:08.701 --> 00:53:10.634 Do I want to make it carry more?" 00:53:10.634 --> 00:53:13.300 And you're gonna try to make some tweaks to it 00:53:13.300 --> 00:53:15.167 and test it out to see how it does 00:53:15.167 --> 00:53:17.000 and keep doing that over and over again 00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:19.767 until you get a better airplane. 00:53:19.767 --> 00:53:24.367 The second one is about the assembly-line process. 00:53:24.367 --> 00:53:28.434 Now, we think of modifying things, 00:53:28.434 --> 00:53:31.100 but we don't always think about modifying processes. 00:53:31.100 --> 00:53:34.067 The assembly-line process is a thing itself 00:53:34.067 --> 00:53:35.267 that could be modified, 00:53:35.267 --> 00:53:36.801 and so in this case, what you're gonna do 00:53:36.801 --> 00:53:40.667 is you're gonna use ballpoint pens to make an assembly line. 00:53:40.667 --> 00:53:44.100 You're gonna take these clickable ballpoint pens apart 00:53:44.100 --> 00:53:47.767 and see if you can put them together quickly 00:53:47.767 --> 00:53:48.968 with an assembly line, 00:53:48.968 --> 00:53:50.767 and then you're gonna modify your assembly line 00:53:50.767 --> 00:53:53.701 and try faster and faster to put it together, 00:53:53.701 --> 00:53:55.868 and so those two are provided 00:53:55.868 --> 00:53:58.567 with the lessons that we handed out. 00:53:58.567 --> 00:54:01.567 -And, teachers, if y'all do the activities, 00:54:01.567 --> 00:54:04.400 we would love for you to tweet pictures to us, 00:54:04.400 --> 00:54:07.501 and I have that included in the teacher guide, 00:54:07.501 --> 00:54:12.434 but our Twitter handle is @wwiieducation, 00:54:12.434 --> 00:54:14.300 and again, that's included in your guide, 00:54:14.300 --> 00:54:16.267 so you don't have to write that down now. 00:54:16.267 --> 00:54:18.734 And then this is for the teachers. 00:54:18.734 --> 00:54:20.267 If you liked Rob 00:54:20.267 --> 00:54:24.834 and you found him informative and entertaining, 00:54:24.834 --> 00:54:27.067 you need sign up for Real World Science. 00:54:27.067 --> 00:54:28.334 Rob, tell them what that is. 00:54:28.334 --> 00:54:31.901 -So if you are here, close by in Louisiana, 00:54:31.901 --> 00:54:34.567 you can bring your students on a STEM field trip 00:54:34.567 --> 00:54:36.601 into the STEM Innovation Gallery, 00:54:36.601 --> 00:54:39.901 but whether you are or are not, if you are a fifth-, 00:54:39.901 --> 00:54:42.534 sixth-, seventh-, or eighth-grade teacher, 00:54:42.534 --> 00:54:44.334 you can come to Real World Science. 00:54:44.334 --> 00:54:48.133 If part of your day is teaching science, 00:54:48.133 --> 00:54:52.901 I want you to come be one of 28 people to come to the museum. 00:54:52.901 --> 00:54:54.200 You're gonna spend a week 00:54:54.200 --> 00:54:57.434 learning how to do hands-on activities like this, 00:54:57.434 --> 00:55:00.167 figuring out why boats float using Higgins boats 00:55:00.167 --> 00:55:03.801 and going to LIGO, 00:55:03.801 --> 00:55:06.234 which is where they figured out 00:55:06.234 --> 00:55:08.701 how to measure gravitational waves. 00:55:08.701 --> 00:55:14.434 It's a great week, and we pretty much pay for everything. 00:55:14.434 --> 00:55:17.100 Come down here, spend a week, have a great time, 00:55:17.100 --> 00:55:19.701 get 200 pages of lessons 00:55:19.701 --> 00:55:22.467 and activities and readings for your students. 00:55:22.467 --> 00:55:24.934 -And you can find the information for this 00:55:24.934 --> 00:55:26.534 on our website. 00:55:26.534 --> 00:55:28.868 If you can't find it, just send me an e-mail, 00:55:28.868 --> 00:55:30.968 and I can e-mail the direct link to you. 00:55:30.968 --> 00:55:35.601 -It's nationalww2museum.org /realworldscience, 00:55:35.601 --> 00:55:36.667 all one word. 00:55:36.667 --> 00:55:38.534 -Okay, so we have a few minutes left. 00:55:38.534 --> 00:55:41.968 I want to get to some of these last questions. 00:55:41.968 --> 00:55:45.400 Mike wants to know if you have a favorite book 00:55:45.400 --> 00:55:48.200 about World War II problem solving. 00:55:52.033 --> 00:55:54.834 -You know, there's a lot of great books. 00:55:54.834 --> 00:55:58.701 One book that's good for students at this age level 00:55:58.701 --> 00:56:01.734 that I really like is "Bomb" by Steve Sheinkin, 00:56:01.734 --> 00:56:05.801 and we actually did a webinar last year with him, 00:56:05.801 --> 00:56:10.000 and he talks about all the problems that they solved to -- 00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:11.634 This is the book. It's a great book. 00:56:11.634 --> 00:56:15.801 It has really good descriptions of nuclear power 00:56:15.801 --> 00:56:17.868 and how it worked and how the bomb worked. 00:56:17.868 --> 00:56:20.534 It's very kind of exciting because there's at the same time 00:56:20.534 --> 00:56:22.300 this espionage story 00:56:22.300 --> 00:56:25.734 about people stealing the Manhattan Project story. 00:56:25.734 --> 00:56:28.467 You can go back in history 00:56:28.467 --> 00:56:30.634 and see the recording of that webinar if you want, 00:56:30.634 --> 00:56:32.100 but that's a really good book. 00:56:32.100 --> 00:56:33.434 I give it to all the teachers, 00:56:33.434 --> 00:56:36.567 a copy to all the teachers in Real World Science. 00:56:36.567 --> 00:56:39.968 I think for this age level, that's my favorite book 00:56:39.968 --> 00:56:42.100 about World War II problem solving. 00:56:42.100 --> 00:56:45.901 -Okay. Devin wants to know if the United States 00:56:45.901 --> 00:56:49.067 had better technology than other countries. 00:56:49.067 --> 00:56:53.901 -You know, to some extent, I would say that yes and no. 00:56:53.901 --> 00:56:59.567 Our radar was way better than the German or the Japanese, 00:56:59.567 --> 00:57:02.634 but, like, for example, their tanks were way better than ours. 00:57:02.634 --> 00:57:04.234 -And the British and the Germans, 00:57:04.234 --> 00:57:05.868 they had jet aircraft, right? 00:57:05.868 --> 00:57:08.567 -They had jet aircraft. We still had that -- 00:57:08.567 --> 00:57:12.734 So one of our solutions, again, was that, you know -- 00:57:12.734 --> 00:57:15.868 Sometimes they had better tech than we did, but we made -- 00:57:15.868 --> 00:57:17.434 Like, with the Panzers, 00:57:17.434 --> 00:57:19.267 people like to talk about their Panzer tanks, 00:57:19.267 --> 00:57:22.400 the German Panzer tanks were way better than ours, 00:57:22.400 --> 00:57:25.534 but we made a lot more of them. 00:57:25.534 --> 00:57:29.000 -All right, Rainier High School wants to know 00:57:29.000 --> 00:57:32.801 about any additional plane technology from World War II, 00:57:32.801 --> 00:57:35.133 and I just mentioned the jet engines, 00:57:35.133 --> 00:57:37.801 but was there anything else? 00:57:37.801 --> 00:57:40.767 -Superchargers, so for planes to be able to go up 00:57:40.767 --> 00:57:42.501 really high in the atmosphere, 00:57:42.501 --> 00:57:44.501 there's not a lot of air pressure up there, 00:57:44.501 --> 00:57:46.567 and so a supercharger takes the exhaust 00:57:46.567 --> 00:57:50.467 and uses it to drive a fan to blow air into your engine. 00:57:50.467 --> 00:57:53.133 Today, you'll see cars that are turbocharged. 00:57:53.133 --> 00:57:56.734 That's a modification of a supercharger. 00:57:56.734 --> 00:57:59.000 That was one. 00:57:59.000 --> 00:58:03.467 The B-29 had a pressurized cabin. 00:58:03.467 --> 00:58:06.801 Everybody else, you know, they were just up there really cold 00:58:06.801 --> 00:58:08.801 and breathing through an air mask. 00:58:08.801 --> 00:58:12.300 Is that Rainier in, like, Washington? 00:58:12.300 --> 00:58:13.400 -I thought they said they were Oregon. 00:58:13.400 --> 00:58:15.067 Let me see. -In Oregon? Okay. 00:58:15.067 --> 00:58:18.534 -Well, while we wait for Chrissy to get us that answer, 00:58:18.534 --> 00:58:21.467 let's see -- Kelly with another really good question. 00:58:21.467 --> 00:58:24.334 "Were women allowed to join the war? 00:58:24.334 --> 00:58:27.167 Did they help build these weapons?" 00:58:27.167 --> 00:58:30.734 -Well, definitely women were involved in building. 00:58:30.734 --> 00:58:32.267 You know, Rosie was famous, 00:58:32.267 --> 00:58:37.701 but lots and lots of women were on assembly lines, 00:58:37.701 --> 00:58:40.934 but also, there were women that trained pilots 00:58:40.934 --> 00:58:42.367 because they were really good. 00:58:42.367 --> 00:58:44.901 They were really good pilots themselves, 00:58:44.901 --> 00:58:49.667 and they weren't necessarily able to fly in combat, 00:58:49.667 --> 00:58:54.734 but they flew planes to and from landing strips, 00:58:54.734 --> 00:58:56.234 you know, to transport them around, 00:58:56.234 --> 00:58:57.968 and they also trained pilots, 00:58:57.968 --> 00:59:00.534 and they learned how to do radar, 00:59:00.534 --> 00:59:02.267 and then they turned around and taught pilots 00:59:02.267 --> 00:59:04.067 and other guys how to do radar. 00:59:04.067 --> 00:59:05.667 -All right, and our last question, 00:59:05.667 --> 00:59:07.934 'cause I see we have people leaving the room, 00:59:07.934 --> 00:59:11.467 and it is about one minute after our time. 00:59:11.467 --> 00:59:14.667 This one comes from Emily, and Emily wants to know 00:59:14.667 --> 00:59:19.067 what recycled product the military used the most, 00:59:19.067 --> 00:59:22.634 and I don't know if we know the exact answer. 00:59:22.634 --> 00:59:24.234 But if I had to make a guess, 00:59:24.234 --> 00:59:28.100 I would think that rubber was probably really big on the list 00:59:28.100 --> 00:59:30.701 because we didn't have access 00:59:30.701 --> 00:59:33.133 to the rubber plants out in the Pacific 00:59:33.133 --> 00:59:35.167 because our enemy, Japan, 00:59:35.167 --> 00:59:37.767 they had control of all the islands in the Pacific. 00:59:37.767 --> 00:59:40.367 They were kind of controlling the seas out there. 00:59:40.367 --> 00:59:42.133 -We also made a lot of gunpowder 00:59:42.133 --> 00:59:44.000 from recycled waste fats, 00:59:44.000 --> 00:59:48.734 so that might be a big one, too, 'cause all those munitions, 00:59:48.734 --> 00:59:51.000 a lot of them were made from recycled waste fats. 00:59:51.000 --> 00:59:53.467 -Yeah, so -- -But everything was recycled. 00:59:53.467 --> 00:59:57.534 I mean, the boxes that they put bombs in, the paper, 00:59:57.534 --> 01:00:00.467 like, we were really into recycling back then. 01:00:00.467 --> 01:00:02.334 Let's do it again. 01:00:02.334 --> 01:00:05.167 -Well, thank y'all so much for joining us today. 01:00:05.167 --> 01:00:07.033 This was a lot of fun. 01:00:07.033 --> 01:00:10.234 Thank you for, you know, interacting with us so much. 01:00:10.234 --> 01:00:11.767 It made it that much better. 01:00:11.767 --> 01:00:12.968 -We were really busy. 01:00:12.968 --> 01:00:15.200 -And, Rob, thank you so much for being here 01:00:15.200 --> 01:00:17.000 and sharing your expertise. 01:00:17.000 --> 01:00:20.434 Thank you, Chrissy, for giving us that information 01:00:20.434 --> 01:00:21.667 in the galleries, 01:00:21.667 --> 01:00:24.367 and thank you again to everyone. 01:00:24.367 --> 01:00:26.734 We hope you enjoy the rest of your week, 01:00:26.734 --> 01:00:28.234 and we'll see you next time. 01:00:28.234 --> 01:00:30.300 -Stay in touch. -Bye.